Module Fourteen: Strokes of Genius
Once upon a juncture, in a world not so distant yet veiled in the veils of antiquity, there existed a tapestry of human ingenuity so vivid, so daring, that it shaped societies akin to a sculptor's touch upon marble. This epic, renowned as Western art before 1500 CE, transcended mere pigment and stone—it was a vibrant pageant of concepts, governance, and cosmic theatrics, a captivating journey into the depths of human creativity.
Imagine this: Ancient Greece, where the mantle of an artist conferred quasi-divine status. Amidst olive groves and amphitheaters, luminaries such as Phidias dared to envision grandly. The Parthenon, a flawless sanctuary that could make deities blush with envy, stood as an equilibrium and human mastery emblem. Picture sculpting not merely for mortal eyes but for eternity, encapsulating the essence of civilization in each stroke of the chisel.
Leap ahead to the Roman Empire, where art wasn't merely art but propaganda on steroids. Behold the Arch of Constantine, an amalgamation of motifs from every conquered realm, a majestic monument that nearly rendered emperors humble. Art wasn't merely ornamental; it wielded political understanding, a proclamation of 'Witness our prowess, in culture and conquest alike.' This was a testament to the transformative power of art, enlightening and inspiring the masses.
Then, as the medieval mists descended, envision Gothic cathedrals soaring like intricate lace against stormy skies. Notre Dame, that grande dame of Paris, wasn't just a gesture toward the heavens—it evoked a sensation of insignificance yet connection to something monumental. These cathedrals weren't merely towers of stone and glass; they served as soulful Instagram filters, endowing an eternal radiance.
Yet, brace yourselves, for art before 1500 CE wasn't all about golden ratios and stained-glass windows, far from it. 'Golden ratios' refer to a mathematical proportion, often found in nature, that was widely used in Western art before 1500 CE to create aesthetically pleasing compositions. Consider the Byzantine Empire, where mosaics weren't mere adornments—they were theological grenades, lobbed as divine mic drops at dissenters. Hagia Sophia wasn't just a place of worship; it was a canvas of authority, where emperors and bishops engaged in high-stakes games of fate.
Amidst this tumultuous tapestry of triumph and betrayal, Western art before 1500 CE offered more than mere visual allure and power plays. It was the primal influencer, sculpting our ideals of beauty, governance, and the essence of humanity itself. The Renaissance, that exuberant Italian soirée in the 14th century, wasn't merely a rebirth; it heralded a 'renaissance of ideas, 'a period of intellectual and cultural revival marked by a renewed interest in the classical world and a shift towards human-centered thinking. Suddenly, humanism was en vogue—autonomous thinking was chic, and the only summit loftier than a cathedral spire was the zenith of human potential.
THE RUNDOWN
QUESTIONS
Imagine this: Ancient Greece, where the mantle of an artist conferred quasi-divine status. Amidst olive groves and amphitheaters, luminaries such as Phidias dared to envision grandly. The Parthenon, a flawless sanctuary that could make deities blush with envy, stood as an equilibrium and human mastery emblem. Picture sculpting not merely for mortal eyes but for eternity, encapsulating the essence of civilization in each stroke of the chisel.
Leap ahead to the Roman Empire, where art wasn't merely art but propaganda on steroids. Behold the Arch of Constantine, an amalgamation of motifs from every conquered realm, a majestic monument that nearly rendered emperors humble. Art wasn't merely ornamental; it wielded political understanding, a proclamation of 'Witness our prowess, in culture and conquest alike.' This was a testament to the transformative power of art, enlightening and inspiring the masses.
Then, as the medieval mists descended, envision Gothic cathedrals soaring like intricate lace against stormy skies. Notre Dame, that grande dame of Paris, wasn't just a gesture toward the heavens—it evoked a sensation of insignificance yet connection to something monumental. These cathedrals weren't merely towers of stone and glass; they served as soulful Instagram filters, endowing an eternal radiance.
Yet, brace yourselves, for art before 1500 CE wasn't all about golden ratios and stained-glass windows, far from it. 'Golden ratios' refer to a mathematical proportion, often found in nature, that was widely used in Western art before 1500 CE to create aesthetically pleasing compositions. Consider the Byzantine Empire, where mosaics weren't mere adornments—they were theological grenades, lobbed as divine mic drops at dissenters. Hagia Sophia wasn't just a place of worship; it was a canvas of authority, where emperors and bishops engaged in high-stakes games of fate.
Amidst this tumultuous tapestry of triumph and betrayal, Western art before 1500 CE offered more than mere visual allure and power plays. It was the primal influencer, sculpting our ideals of beauty, governance, and the essence of humanity itself. The Renaissance, that exuberant Italian soirée in the 14th century, wasn't merely a rebirth; it heralded a 'renaissance of ideas, 'a period of intellectual and cultural revival marked by a renewed interest in the classical world and a shift towards human-centered thinking. Suddenly, humanism was en vogue—autonomous thinking was chic, and the only summit loftier than a cathedral spire was the zenith of human potential.
THE RUNDOWN
- Ancient Greek art (circa 5th-4th century BCE) exemplified by the Parthenon in Athens, showcasing balance and human excellence under sculptor Phidias.
- Roman art (1st century BCE - 4th century CE) expanded on Greek styles, using art for political propaganda and cultural assimilation, seen in monuments like the Arch of Constantine.
- Early Christian art (3rd-6th century CE) developed within the Roman Empire, with Byzantine mosaics in Hagia Sophia illustrating theological doctrines and imperial authority.
- Gothic art (12th-14th century CE) in Europe focused on religious themes and monumental architecture, such as Notre-Dame Cathedral in Paris, symbolizing spiritual devotion and communal identity.
- The Renaissance (14th-17th century CE) in Italy marked a revival of classical art forms and humanistic ideas, promoting individualism and cultural rebirth, exemplified by Leonardo da Vinci's artworks and writings.
- Overall, pre-1500 Western art reflects a dynamic evolution of styles and purposes, influencing societal values, political structures, and religious beliefs, shaping the foundation of Western cultural heritage.
QUESTIONS
- Analyze the impact of Leonardo da Vinci's artworks and writings on Renaissance art and intellectual thought.
- How did pre-1500 Western art influence societal values, political structures, and religious beliefs over time?
- Discuss the evolution of art from ancient Greece through the Renaissance, highlighting key developments and their lasting impact on Western cultural heritage.
#14: Expertise Is Not Real
History—a place where academics play intellectual Jenga with facts, and the internet is flooded with quick-fix history lessons. Do you think navigating city traffic is tricky? Try sifting through the maze of historical "facts."
Specialization has turned history into a smorgasbord of oddly specific interests. We've got folks who can tell you about 14th-century French farming but wouldn’t recognize a meme if it danced in front of them. And academia? It's like a pressure cooker where the rush to publish can spawn theories wild enough to rival a tinfoil hat convention. Sometimes, it feels like a contest of "Who Can Spice Up History the Most?" and, surprise, it often results in a tie with far-fetched theories and eyebrow-raising claims.
Then there's the digital revolution, where everyone and their goldfish can claim to be a historian. With platforms like YouTube, historical expertise has been democratized to the point where your pet hamster might be lecturing on the Industrial Revolution. While entertaining, we often sacrifice depth, research, and context for snazzy graphics and bite-sized narratives. We've swapped scholarly rigor for clickbait, drowning many in misinformation and mistaking internet comments for academic journals.
Consider Christopher Columbus. Once celebrated as America's "discoverer" (ignoring those who were already here), he's now seen through a lens that highlights the darker aspects of colonialism. It's like finding out your childhood idol was the villain in a B-movie. This shift isn't just a footnote; it mirrors our evolving social consciousness as we reevaluate our heroes, confront our past, and come to terms with uncomfortable truths.
So, who should we trust in this historical maze? The experts with their ivory tower credentials or the self-proclaimed history buffs with slick editing skills? It's a tricky choice. Blind faith in experts might send you into an academic jargon spiral while ignoring them could leave you clutching at conspiracy theories like they're life preservers.
But don't despair! History isn't just dusty books and pricey courses. It's a compass for navigating our messy world. By embracing its complexities, challenging narratives, and listening to those who've done their homework (both literally and figuratively), we can use history to understand ourselves and the world better.
Ultimately, history is about more than memorizing dates or reciting facts. It's about exploring the messy, human side of life. So, when you're lost in the historical maze, remember: it's okay to question, doubt, and even chuckle at the quirks of history. After all, a little historical perspective can be the sanity-saving sip of clarity we crave.
RUNDOWN
STATE OF THE WORLD
History—a place where academics play intellectual Jenga with facts, and the internet is flooded with quick-fix history lessons. Do you think navigating city traffic is tricky? Try sifting through the maze of historical "facts."
Specialization has turned history into a smorgasbord of oddly specific interests. We've got folks who can tell you about 14th-century French farming but wouldn’t recognize a meme if it danced in front of them. And academia? It's like a pressure cooker where the rush to publish can spawn theories wild enough to rival a tinfoil hat convention. Sometimes, it feels like a contest of "Who Can Spice Up History the Most?" and, surprise, it often results in a tie with far-fetched theories and eyebrow-raising claims.
Then there's the digital revolution, where everyone and their goldfish can claim to be a historian. With platforms like YouTube, historical expertise has been democratized to the point where your pet hamster might be lecturing on the Industrial Revolution. While entertaining, we often sacrifice depth, research, and context for snazzy graphics and bite-sized narratives. We've swapped scholarly rigor for clickbait, drowning many in misinformation and mistaking internet comments for academic journals.
Consider Christopher Columbus. Once celebrated as America's "discoverer" (ignoring those who were already here), he's now seen through a lens that highlights the darker aspects of colonialism. It's like finding out your childhood idol was the villain in a B-movie. This shift isn't just a footnote; it mirrors our evolving social consciousness as we reevaluate our heroes, confront our past, and come to terms with uncomfortable truths.
So, who should we trust in this historical maze? The experts with their ivory tower credentials or the self-proclaimed history buffs with slick editing skills? It's a tricky choice. Blind faith in experts might send you into an academic jargon spiral while ignoring them could leave you clutching at conspiracy theories like they're life preservers.
But don't despair! History isn't just dusty books and pricey courses. It's a compass for navigating our messy world. By embracing its complexities, challenging narratives, and listening to those who've done their homework (both literally and figuratively), we can use history to understand ourselves and the world better.
Ultimately, history is about more than memorizing dates or reciting facts. It's about exploring the messy, human side of life. So, when you're lost in the historical maze, remember: it's okay to question, doubt, and even chuckle at the quirks of history. After all, a little historical perspective can be the sanity-saving sip of clarity we crave.
RUNDOWN
- History is a complex realm where facts can be like Jenga blocks, easily shifted and rearranged.
- Specialization has led to a smorgasbord of niche historical interests, from 14th-century French farming to obscure memes.
- The digital age has democratized history but often sacrifices depth and context for flashy graphics and bite-sized narratives.
- Traditional heroes like Columbus are being reevaluated through a more critical lens, reflecting our evolving social consciousness.
- Trusting historical experts can be tricky, as blind faith can lead to academic jargon confusion, while skepticism can leave you lost in conspiracy theories.
- Ultimately, history serves as a compass in our messy world, helping us understand the human experience and navigate our complex past.
STATE OF THE WORLD
A symphony of chaos and order swirled across the Mediterranean and beyond, with each movement a clash of swords, a stroke of brilliance, or a serene moment of reflection. Enter a realm where gods dabbled in mortal affairs, and humans endeavored to immortalize their names, sometimes with ink, often with blood. In Athens, under Pericles' keen (some might say cunning) stewardship, democracy flourished amidst philosophers like Socrates, who posed questions that made the youth squirm and the elders grumble. Meanwhile, Sparta, with its rigorous ballet of war and stoic disdain for luxury, honed its youth in combat, their silent supplications to Ares echoing through the Peloponnesian valleys. The Persian Empire stretched its vast reach from the Aegean to the Indus, interweaving cultures under the vigilant Achaemenid rulers, while Egypt, a Persian satrapy, clung to ancient rites, deeply rooted in their belief in the afterlife. In nascent Rome, ambition brewed as the Senate postured and legions marched, setting the stage for a future empire, guided by the pantheon of Roman gods. The Indian subcontinent thrived with spiritual energy as Buddha and Mahavira sowed enlightenment, while China, amidst the Warring States, saw Confucius, Laozi, and Legalists forge philosophical foundations, often intertwined with their religious beliefs. Across the oceans, the Maya built sky-kissing pyramids, and Andean societies mastered harsh landscapes, guided by their reverence for nature. The construction of the Parthenon soared, and Socrates' relentless questioning laid the groundwork for a philosophical legacy. In 435 BCE, a tapestry of ambition, conflict, and intellect wove a world where the mundane and magnificent coexisted in exhilarating balance—a world not so different from our own, with an uncertain yet endlessly fascinating future.
HIGHLIGHTS
We've got some fine classroom lectures coming your way, all courtesy of the RPTM podcast. These lectures will take you on a wild ride through history, exploring everything from ancient civilizations and epic battles to scientific breakthroughs and artistic revolutions. The podcast will guide you through each lecture with its no-nonsense, straight-talking style, using various sources to give you the lowdown on each topic. You won't find any fancy-pants jargon or convoluted theories here, just plain and straightforward explanations anyone can understand. So sit back and prepare to soak up some knowledge.
LECTURES
LECTURES
- UNDER CONSTRUCTION!
The Reading section—a realm where our aspirations of enlightenment often clash with the harsh realities of procrastination and the desperate reliance on Google. We soldier on through dense texts, promised 'broadening perspectives' but often wrestling with existential dread and academic pressure. With a healthy dose of sarcasm and a strong cup of coffee, I'll be your guide on this wild journey from dusty tomes to the murky depths of postmodernism. In the midst of all the pretentious prose, there's a glimmer of insight: we're all in this together, united in our struggle to survive without losing our sanity.
READING
This class utilizes the following textbook:
Sherman, Dennis, and Joyce Salisbury. The West in the World. 5th ed. McGraw Hill, 2013.
In the whirlwind of academia, where tweed jackets and discussions about the best coffee spot reign, Joyce Salisbury and Dennis Sherman stand out as the rebels of historical scholarship. Armed with Salisbury's Ph.D. in medieval history from Rutgers University and Sherman's academic journey from UC Berkeley to the University of Michigan, they challenge the conventional norms with their scholarly prowess and irreverent wit. Salisbury fearlessly delves into ancient violence with works like "The Blood of Martyrs" and uncovers forgotten tales of resilience in "The Encyclopedia of Women in the Ancient World." Meanwhile, Sherman, akin to an academic Indiana Jones, roams the globe contemplating French history in Parisian cafes and making history accessible with titles like "A Short History of Western Civilization." Together, they disrupt the ivory tower with their unapologetic approach and thirst for asking the tough questions.
As a dynamic duo, Salisbury and Sherman defy the stereotype of the stuffy historian. Their partnership merges Salisbury's pen, mightier than Excalibur itself, with Sherman's knack for weaving accessible narratives. They're not just scholars but cultural provocateurs challenging the status quo. So, here's to raising a glass (or a quill) to these academic renegades, who breathe life into the dusty corridors of historical scholarship with their relentless curiosity and scholarly swagger.
RUNDOWN
READING
- Chapter 14. A New World of Reason and Reform: The Scientific Revolution and the Enlightenment, 1600-1800
This class utilizes the following textbook:
Sherman, Dennis, and Joyce Salisbury. The West in the World. 5th ed. McGraw Hill, 2013.
In the whirlwind of academia, where tweed jackets and discussions about the best coffee spot reign, Joyce Salisbury and Dennis Sherman stand out as the rebels of historical scholarship. Armed with Salisbury's Ph.D. in medieval history from Rutgers University and Sherman's academic journey from UC Berkeley to the University of Michigan, they challenge the conventional norms with their scholarly prowess and irreverent wit. Salisbury fearlessly delves into ancient violence with works like "The Blood of Martyrs" and uncovers forgotten tales of resilience in "The Encyclopedia of Women in the Ancient World." Meanwhile, Sherman, akin to an academic Indiana Jones, roams the globe contemplating French history in Parisian cafes and making history accessible with titles like "A Short History of Western Civilization." Together, they disrupt the ivory tower with their unapologetic approach and thirst for asking the tough questions.
As a dynamic duo, Salisbury and Sherman defy the stereotype of the stuffy historian. Their partnership merges Salisbury's pen, mightier than Excalibur itself, with Sherman's knack for weaving accessible narratives. They're not just scholars but cultural provocateurs challenging the status quo. So, here's to raising a glass (or a quill) to these academic renegades, who breathe life into the dusty corridors of historical scholarship with their relentless curiosity and scholarly swagger.
RUNDOWN
- The 17th and 18th centuries saw a great intellectual revolution in Western civilization.
- Western society began embracing new scientific ideas and discoveries, moving away from medieval beliefs.
- This shift was unique compared to other cultures, even though some Western ideas reached Asian cultures during the same period.
- Westerners aimed to control the material world and nature through science.
- Enlightenment thinkers wanted to free people from traditional constraints using reason.
- They believed reason could lead to truth and personal happiness by encouraging self-examination and independent thinking.
- Critics called some Enlightenment thinkers self-concerned and unwilling to pursue real reform.
- However, most historians see them as sincere, thoughtful, and sometimes brilliant.
- The philosophes influenced Western culture significantly, challenging traditional religious and scholarly ideas.
- Their legacy includes setting the stage for revolutions in America and Europe.
- Their focus on reason, individualism, and progress laid the foundation for modern Western society and distinguished it from other civilizations.
Howard Zinn was a historian, writer, and political activist known for his critical analysis of American history. He is particularly well-known for his counter-narrative to traditional American history accounts and highlights marginalized groups' experiences and perspectives. Zinn's work is often associated with social history and is known for his Marxist and socialist views. Larry Schweikart is also a historian, but his work and perspective are often considered more conservative. Schweikart's work is often associated with military history, and he is known for his support of free-market economics and limited government. Overall, Zinn and Schweikart have different perspectives on various historical issues and events and may interpret historical events and phenomena differently. Occasionally, we will also look at Thaddeus Russell, a historian, author, and academic. Russell has written extensively on the history of social and cultural change, and his work focuses on how marginalized and oppressed groups have challenged and transformed mainstream culture. Russell is known for his unconventional and controversial ideas, and his work has been praised for its originality and provocative nature.
My classes utilize both Howard Zinn's A People's History of the United States and Larry Schweikart's Patriot's History of the United States, mostly in excerpts posted to the modules.
My classes utilize both Howard Zinn's A People's History of the United States and Larry Schweikart's Patriot's History of the United States, mostly in excerpts posted to the modules.

Zinn, A People's History of the United States
"... The New Deal gave federal money to put thousands of writers, artists, actors, and musicians to work-in a Federal Theatre Project, a Federal Writers Project, a Federal Art Project: murals were painted on public buildings; plays were put on for working-class audiences who had never seen a play; hundreds of books and pamphlets were written and published. People heard a symphony for the first time. It was an exciting flowering of arts for the people, such as had never happened before in American history, and which has not been duplicated since. But in 1939, with the country more stable and the New Deal reform impulse weakened, programs to subsidize the arts were eliminated.
When the New Deal was over, capitalism remained intact. The rich still controlled the nation's wealth, as well as its laws, courts, police, newspapers, churches, colleges. Enough help bad been given to enough people to make Roosevelt a hero to millions, but the same system that had brought depression and crisis-the system of waste, of inequality, of concern for profit over human need-remained..."
"... The New Deal gave federal money to put thousands of writers, artists, actors, and musicians to work-in a Federal Theatre Project, a Federal Writers Project, a Federal Art Project: murals were painted on public buildings; plays were put on for working-class audiences who had never seen a play; hundreds of books and pamphlets were written and published. People heard a symphony for the first time. It was an exciting flowering of arts for the people, such as had never happened before in American history, and which has not been duplicated since. But in 1939, with the country more stable and the New Deal reform impulse weakened, programs to subsidize the arts were eliminated.
When the New Deal was over, capitalism remained intact. The rich still controlled the nation's wealth, as well as its laws, courts, police, newspapers, churches, colleges. Enough help bad been given to enough people to make Roosevelt a hero to millions, but the same system that had brought depression and crisis-the system of waste, of inequality, of concern for profit over human need-remained..."

Larry Schweikart, A Patriot's History of the United States
"...If Washington was 'the American Zeus, Moses, and Cincinnatus all rolled into one,' he was not without faults. His rather nebulous personal religion left him exposed and isolated. Many of his biographers trumpeted Washington’s faith, and a famous painting captures the colonial general praying in a snowy wood, but if Washington had any personal belief in Jesus Christ, he kept it well hidden. Like Franklin, Washington tended toward Deism, a general belief in a detached and impersonal God who plays no role in human affairs. At any rate, Washington approached his new duties with a sense that although he appealed frequently to the Almighty for help, he was going it alone, and for better or worse, the new government rested on his large shoulders..."
"...If Washington was 'the American Zeus, Moses, and Cincinnatus all rolled into one,' he was not without faults. His rather nebulous personal religion left him exposed and isolated. Many of his biographers trumpeted Washington’s faith, and a famous painting captures the colonial general praying in a snowy wood, but if Washington had any personal belief in Jesus Christ, he kept it well hidden. Like Franklin, Washington tended toward Deism, a general belief in a detached and impersonal God who plays no role in human affairs. At any rate, Washington approached his new duties with a sense that although he appealed frequently to the Almighty for help, he was going it alone, and for better or worse, the new government rested on his large shoulders..."

Thaddeus Russell, A Renegade History of the United States
"...The Roosevelt administration appreciated the efforts of the Hays Office, which was busily purifying Hollywood films according to the Motion Picture Production Code. In 1938 Eleanor Roosevelt wrote in Photoplay magazine that she was happy to see that movie producers had taken on the responsibility of 'creating good taste' in the American public. And without the slightest embarrassment, she declared that censorship and the narrowing of artistic expression served the national interest:
The highly cultured people of the world are those who have good taste … some things in literature and the arts have always presaged decadence. Those things must be kept from the drama if we are to promote good taste. Here is the great challenge to the movie producer of the future—will movies be an instrument in the development of good taste and are we growing up to be a nation with artistic knowledge and appreciation..."
"...The Roosevelt administration appreciated the efforts of the Hays Office, which was busily purifying Hollywood films according to the Motion Picture Production Code. In 1938 Eleanor Roosevelt wrote in Photoplay magazine that she was happy to see that movie producers had taken on the responsibility of 'creating good taste' in the American public. And without the slightest embarrassment, she declared that censorship and the narrowing of artistic expression served the national interest:
The highly cultured people of the world are those who have good taste … some things in literature and the arts have always presaged decadence. Those things must be kept from the drama if we are to promote good taste. Here is the great challenge to the movie producer of the future—will movies be an instrument in the development of good taste and are we growing up to be a nation with artistic knowledge and appreciation..."
In the midst of the desolation that was 1930s America, where the harsh lines of breadlines stretched like mournful ribbons and hopelessness clung to every street corner like the scent of yesterday's stew, a beacon of hope emerged from the economic wreckage: the New Deal. Led by President Franklin D. Roosevelt, this epoch was more than just economic recovery; it was a vibrant brushstroke on the monochrome canvas of Depression-era life.
Picture this: government bureaucrats—yes, those bespectacled desk jockeys—deciding it was high time for America to embrace its inner artist. This was the audacious vision of the Federal Art Project (FAP), a bold experiment that believed in art's transformative potential. They unleashed an army of painters, sculptors, and muralists onto the public sphere's canvas. Suddenly, drab walls in schools, post offices, and even your Aunt Edna's basement blossomed with vivid depictions of American life. It was as though the nation's heartbeat could now be felt pulsing through every brushstroke.
Coit Tower in San Francisco emerged as ground zero for this artistic insurgency. Visionaries like Victor Arnautoff and Bernard Zakheim adorned its walls with California's labor saga. Forget the stuffy galleries; this was art for the masses. One could almost envision Aunt Edna conversing with the mailman about the nuanced meanings of brushstrokes versus trowel marks as they awaited their checks.
But let's not forget the dissent. This creative uproar was not met with unbridled enthusiasm by all. Critics emerged faster than you could utter 'abstract expressionism.' Traditionalists—those who believed art belonged in the sanctity of private collections—cried foul. They lamented the use of taxpayer dollars to fund what they perceived as extravagant propaganda or, worse yet, avant-garde dabbling in paint splatters. This controversy added a layer of complexity to the narrative, forcing us to consider different perspectives on the role of art in society.
And so, by 1939, the curtain descended. The government, sensing the looming specter of war and, perhaps, harboring reservations about funding finger-painting amid global crisis, withdrew its support. Yet, like resilient seeds, the artists scattered and took root in new soil, leaving a legacy as varied as a Jackson Pollock canvas.
Yet, like a persistent melody that refuses to fade, the repercussions of the Federal Art Project endure. It was more than just pretty pictures; it catalyzed profound introspection. It posed questions that still echo today. What role does art play in society? Should the government serve as an arts patron? Can a mural alter one's perception of the world, transforming it into a more vibrant and culturally rich place?
Today, as we sip artisanal lattes and peruse cat memes on our smartphones, the legacy of the New Deal's dalliance with art challenges us. It challenges us to transcend mere fiscal considerations and delve into the essence of a nation's spirit. It serves as a reminder that art transcends the mere application of colors on canvas; it reflects who we are, where we have tread, and where we might dare to venture next. It is a testament to the enduring power of art and its ability to shape society.
Thus, whether you find yourself a critic sharpening your quill or an artist pondering the next brushstroke, remember that amid the chaotic tableau of history, the era of the New Deal dared to inject a splash of color. In doing so, it left an indelible mark deeper than mere paint could ever fathom.
THE RUNDOWN
QUESTIONS
Picture this: government bureaucrats—yes, those bespectacled desk jockeys—deciding it was high time for America to embrace its inner artist. This was the audacious vision of the Federal Art Project (FAP), a bold experiment that believed in art's transformative potential. They unleashed an army of painters, sculptors, and muralists onto the public sphere's canvas. Suddenly, drab walls in schools, post offices, and even your Aunt Edna's basement blossomed with vivid depictions of American life. It was as though the nation's heartbeat could now be felt pulsing through every brushstroke.
Coit Tower in San Francisco emerged as ground zero for this artistic insurgency. Visionaries like Victor Arnautoff and Bernard Zakheim adorned its walls with California's labor saga. Forget the stuffy galleries; this was art for the masses. One could almost envision Aunt Edna conversing with the mailman about the nuanced meanings of brushstrokes versus trowel marks as they awaited their checks.
But let's not forget the dissent. This creative uproar was not met with unbridled enthusiasm by all. Critics emerged faster than you could utter 'abstract expressionism.' Traditionalists—those who believed art belonged in the sanctity of private collections—cried foul. They lamented the use of taxpayer dollars to fund what they perceived as extravagant propaganda or, worse yet, avant-garde dabbling in paint splatters. This controversy added a layer of complexity to the narrative, forcing us to consider different perspectives on the role of art in society.
And so, by 1939, the curtain descended. The government, sensing the looming specter of war and, perhaps, harboring reservations about funding finger-painting amid global crisis, withdrew its support. Yet, like resilient seeds, the artists scattered and took root in new soil, leaving a legacy as varied as a Jackson Pollock canvas.
Yet, like a persistent melody that refuses to fade, the repercussions of the Federal Art Project endure. It was more than just pretty pictures; it catalyzed profound introspection. It posed questions that still echo today. What role does art play in society? Should the government serve as an arts patron? Can a mural alter one's perception of the world, transforming it into a more vibrant and culturally rich place?
Today, as we sip artisanal lattes and peruse cat memes on our smartphones, the legacy of the New Deal's dalliance with art challenges us. It challenges us to transcend mere fiscal considerations and delve into the essence of a nation's spirit. It serves as a reminder that art transcends the mere application of colors on canvas; it reflects who we are, where we have tread, and where we might dare to venture next. It is a testament to the enduring power of art and its ability to shape society.
Thus, whether you find yourself a critic sharpening your quill or an artist pondering the next brushstroke, remember that amid the chaotic tableau of history, the era of the New Deal dared to inject a splash of color. In doing so, it left an indelible mark deeper than mere paint could ever fathom.
THE RUNDOWN
- Federal Art Project (FAP): Established in 1935 under the Works Progress Administration (WPA) to provide jobs for artists during the Great Depression.
- Public Murals: Artists like Victor Arnautoff and Bernard Zakheim created murals in public spaces like Coit Tower, depicting American history and social themes.
- Impact on Artists: Supported emerging talents such as Jackson Pollock and Mark Rothko, helping shape the Abstract Expressionist movement.
- Criticism and Controversy: Some viewed government-funded art as propaganda or wasteful, leading to reduced funding after 1939.
- Legacy: Raised debates on government's role in cultural funding and access to art, influencing modern cultural policy discussions.
- Enduring Influence: Highlights how art can reflect societal values and challenge norms, influencing public discourse and national identity.
QUESTIONS
- How can art reflect societal values and challenge social norms?
- In what ways did the art produced under the FAP influence public discourse and national identity?
- Can you provide examples of contemporary art that continues to reflect and challenge societal values?
Prepare to be transported into the captivating realm of historical films and videos. Brace yourselves for a mind-bending odyssey through time as we embark on a cinematic expedition. Within these flickering frames, the past morphs into a vivid tapestry of triumphs, tragedies, and transformative moments that have shaped the very fabric of our existence. We shall immerse ourselves in a whirlwind of visual narratives, dissecting the nuances of artistic interpretations, examining the storytelling techniques, and voraciously devouring historical accuracy with the ferocity of a time-traveling historian. So strap in, hold tight, and prepare to have your perception of history forever shattered by the mesmerizing lens of the camera.
THE RUNDOWN
Picture a majestic tapestry, intricately woven from the threads of human endeavor, each strand a testament to our relentless urge to etch our legacy upon the vast cosmos. From the mysterious Neanderthal cave paintings to the Mesopotamian judicial art, from the Renaissance's profound rebirth to the Baroque's dramatic chiaroscuro, each era unfolds like a symphony of creativity and cultural evolution. Rococo's playful decadence yields to Neoclassicism's noble simplicity, Romanticism's emotional depth counterpoints with Realism's gritty realism, and Impressionism captures fleeting light moments. Expressionism screams with vivid intensity, Cubism fractures reality, and Surrealism delves into the subconscious. From Bauhaus's functional minimalism to Abstract Expressionism's chaotic soul-baring, Pop Art's bold consumerist critique to Contemporary Art's societal mirror, art remains a vital thread binding humanity through its diverse and complex narrative, resonating from ancient caves to today's digital canvases, and inviting us all to be part of its ongoing story.
Picture a majestic tapestry, intricately woven from the threads of human endeavor, each strand a testament to our relentless urge to etch our legacy upon the vast cosmos. From the mysterious Neanderthal cave paintings to the Mesopotamian judicial art, from the Renaissance's profound rebirth to the Baroque's dramatic chiaroscuro, each era unfolds like a symphony of creativity and cultural evolution. Rococo's playful decadence yields to Neoclassicism's noble simplicity, Romanticism's emotional depth counterpoints with Realism's gritty realism, and Impressionism captures fleeting light moments. Expressionism screams with vivid intensity, Cubism fractures reality, and Surrealism delves into the subconscious. From Bauhaus's functional minimalism to Abstract Expressionism's chaotic soul-baring, Pop Art's bold consumerist critique to Contemporary Art's societal mirror, art remains a vital thread binding humanity through its diverse and complex narrative, resonating from ancient caves to today's digital canvases, and inviting us all to be part of its ongoing story.
Welcome to the mind-bending Key Terms extravaganza of our history class learning module. Brace yourselves; we will unravel the cryptic codes, secret handshakes, and linguistic labyrinths that make up the twisted tapestry of historical knowledge. These key terms are the Rosetta Stones of our academic journey, the skeleton keys to unlocking the enigmatic doors of comprehension. They're like historical Swiss Army knives, equipped with blades of definition and corkscrews of contextual examples, ready to pierce through the fog of confusion and liberate your intellectual curiosity. By harnessing the power of these mighty key terms, you'll possess the superhuman ability to traverse the treacherous terrains of primary sources, surf the tumultuous waves of academic texts, and engage in epic battles of historical debate. The past awaits, and the key terms are keys to unlocking its dazzling secrets.
KEY TERMS
KEY TERMS
- 435 BCE - Statue of Zeus at Olympia
- 350 BCE - Mausoleum at Halicarnassus
- 220 BCE - Winged Victory of Samothrace
- 13 BCE - Altar of Augustan Peace
- 79 CE - Preserved Art and Architecture of Pompeii.
- 565 CE - Mosaics of San Vitale
- 691 CE - Dome of the Rock
- 1000 CE - Ottonian Renaissance
- 1066 CE - Bayeux Tapestry
- 1144 CE -Abbey Church of Saint-Denis
- 1248 CE - Cologne Cathedral
- 1305 CE - Frescoes in the Arena Chapel
- 1401 CE - Bronze Doors of the Florence Baptistery
- 1425 CE - Frescoes in the Brancacci Chapel
- 1434 CE - Arnolfini Portrait
- 1440 CE - Donatello's David
- 1486 CE - The Birth of Venus
- 1498 CE - The Last Supper
- 1499 CE - The Pietà
- 1500 CE - Unicorn Tapestries
DISCLAIMER: Welcome scholars to the wild and wacky world of history class. This isn't your granddaddy's boring ol' lecture, baby. We will take a trip through time, which will be one wild ride. I know some of you are in a brick-and-mortar setting, while others are in the vast digital wasteland. But fear not; we're all in this together. Online students might miss out on some in-person interaction, but you can still join in on the fun. This little shindig aims to get you all engaged with the course material and understand how past societies have shaped the world we know today. We'll talk about revolutions, wars, and other crazy stuff. So get ready, kids, because it's going to be one heck of a trip. And for all, you online students out there, don't be shy. Please share your thoughts and ideas with the rest of us. The Professor will do his best to give everyone an equal opportunity to learn, so don't hold back. So, let's do this thing!
Activity #1: UNDER CONSTRUCTION
Objective:
Activity #1: UNDER CONSTRUCTION
Objective:
Activity #2: UNDER CONSTRUCTION
Ladies and gentlemen, gather 'round for the pièce de résistance of this classroom module - the summary section. As we embark on this tantalizing journey, we'll savor the exquisite flavors of knowledge, highlighting the fundamental ingredients and spices that have seasoned our minds throughout these captivating lessons. Prepare to indulge in a savory recap that will leave your intellectual taste buds tingling, serving as a passport to further enlightenment.
Behold the rich tapestry of Western art history, unfurled before 1500 CE! From the Greeks to the Romans, from Christianity to the Gothic era, and finally, the Renaissance was an era when humanity pondered life's mysteries while casually wielding marble and hues with the finesse of Michelangelo on a Friday night.
Let us begin with the Greeks, the progenitors of democracy, philosophy, and those marvelous columns. Their art transcended mere aesthetics; it was a jubilant celebration of human greatness. Picture Phidias and his cohort, chiseling statues that would make even ancient Instagram influencers green with envy. Yes, they excelled in symmetry and skill, yet their inclusivity left something to be desired—toga parties strictly for citizens and men. Democracy, tinged with a hint of exclusivity, anyone?
They then arrived at the Romans, blending Greek artistry with imperial grandeur. The Arch of Constantine wasn't merely an arch; it served as an imperial Instagram filter for triumphs. They constructed, conquered, and added a dash of slavery for spice. Urban planning was their forte, ensuring every corner of their realm gleamed with Roman splendor. Ethical quandaries? Oh, undoubtedly.
Christianity emerged, merging art with theology like a barista crafting the perfect latte. Mosaics and frescoes transcended mere decoration; they preached in Technicolor, reinforcing divine authority and stifling dissenting spiritual notions like a Roman thumbs-down in the Colosseum. Art is devoutly religious, and the community is united—avoid mentioning the crackdown on diversity of faith.
Then came the Gothic era, erecting cathedrals towering so high they made skyscrapers seem like humble sheds. Notre Dame wasn't just a church; it symbolized communal faith and civic pride, with a hefty economic disparity etched into its stained glass panes. Were they seeking spiritual solace? Certainly, but be prepared to bring your gold coins, for such edifices were relatively inexpensive.
Ah, the Renaissance, where Italy threw a cultural gala that Bacchus himself would applaud. Humanism, individualism, and a rekindling of all things classical—imagine Da Vinci painting masterpieces while sketching flying contraptions in the margins. Science, art, and literature flourished like a Tuscan vineyard in springtime. Yet amid celebrating this resurgence of all things splendid, let's not overlook the elite snobs who gatekept the festivities. Art patronage was akin to an exclusive club; without a silver palette at birth, gaining entry beyond the velvet rope was a Herculean task.
And why should we delve into this ancient artistry today? It's not just about admiring beautiful images; it's about understanding how Western civilization blossomed from this complex mix of beauty, power dynamics, and social intricacies. It's about peeling back the layers of history to see how art has shaped our values, beliefs, and even our social media feeds (well, almost). This connection to our past makes art history so relevant and fascinating.
Exploring these historical vignettes confronts us with the contradictions and complexities of our cultural lineage. It's akin to a rollercoaster ride through time—thrilling, occasionally gut-wrenching, yet always enlightening. Whether it's a democracy with a side helping of exclusion or a towering cathedral amidst medieval inequities, art mirrors who we were, who we are, and who we aspire to be.
So strap in, fellow temporal voyagers, and let us continue our odyssey. The past beckons, laden with narratives as wild and irreverent as any modern satire, all painted with history's unvarnished brushstrokes of truth.
or, in other words:
Let us begin with the Greeks, the progenitors of democracy, philosophy, and those marvelous columns. Their art transcended mere aesthetics; it was a jubilant celebration of human greatness. Picture Phidias and his cohort, chiseling statues that would make even ancient Instagram influencers green with envy. Yes, they excelled in symmetry and skill, yet their inclusivity left something to be desired—toga parties strictly for citizens and men. Democracy, tinged with a hint of exclusivity, anyone?
They then arrived at the Romans, blending Greek artistry with imperial grandeur. The Arch of Constantine wasn't merely an arch; it served as an imperial Instagram filter for triumphs. They constructed, conquered, and added a dash of slavery for spice. Urban planning was their forte, ensuring every corner of their realm gleamed with Roman splendor. Ethical quandaries? Oh, undoubtedly.
Christianity emerged, merging art with theology like a barista crafting the perfect latte. Mosaics and frescoes transcended mere decoration; they preached in Technicolor, reinforcing divine authority and stifling dissenting spiritual notions like a Roman thumbs-down in the Colosseum. Art is devoutly religious, and the community is united—avoid mentioning the crackdown on diversity of faith.
Then came the Gothic era, erecting cathedrals towering so high they made skyscrapers seem like humble sheds. Notre Dame wasn't just a church; it symbolized communal faith and civic pride, with a hefty economic disparity etched into its stained glass panes. Were they seeking spiritual solace? Certainly, but be prepared to bring your gold coins, for such edifices were relatively inexpensive.
Ah, the Renaissance, where Italy threw a cultural gala that Bacchus himself would applaud. Humanism, individualism, and a rekindling of all things classical—imagine Da Vinci painting masterpieces while sketching flying contraptions in the margins. Science, art, and literature flourished like a Tuscan vineyard in springtime. Yet amid celebrating this resurgence of all things splendid, let's not overlook the elite snobs who gatekept the festivities. Art patronage was akin to an exclusive club; without a silver palette at birth, gaining entry beyond the velvet rope was a Herculean task.
And why should we delve into this ancient artistry today? It's not just about admiring beautiful images; it's about understanding how Western civilization blossomed from this complex mix of beauty, power dynamics, and social intricacies. It's about peeling back the layers of history to see how art has shaped our values, beliefs, and even our social media feeds (well, almost). This connection to our past makes art history so relevant and fascinating.
Exploring these historical vignettes confronts us with the contradictions and complexities of our cultural lineage. It's akin to a rollercoaster ride through time—thrilling, occasionally gut-wrenching, yet always enlightening. Whether it's a democracy with a side helping of exclusion or a towering cathedral amidst medieval inequities, art mirrors who we were, who we are, and who we aspire to be.
So strap in, fellow temporal voyagers, and let us continue our odyssey. The past beckons, laden with narratives as wild and irreverent as any modern satire, all painted with history's unvarnished brushstrokes of truth.
or, in other words:
- Emphasized balance and human excellence through works like the Parthenon; sculptor Phidias influenced Greek ideals of beauty and democracy.
- Roman Art was used for political propaganda and cultural assimilation, seen in monuments like the Arch of Constantine; highlighted engineering prowess and imperial grandeur.
- Illustrated theological doctrines and imperial authority with Byzantine mosaics in places like Hagia Sophia; shaped Christian iconography and communal identity.
- Focused on religious themes and monumental architecture such as Notre-Dame Cathedral; symbolized spiritual devotion and medieval societal structures.
- Marked by a revival of classical art forms and humanistic ideas in Italy; artists like Leonardo da Vinci epitomized this period's focus on individualism and cultural rebirth.
- Overall, Western art history before 1500 CE reflects a dynamic evolution of styles and purposes, influencing societal values, political structures, and religious beliefs, shaping the foundation of Western cultural heritage.
ASSIGNMENTS
Remember all assignments, tests and quizzes must be submitted official via BLACKBOARD
Forum Discussion #015
- Forum Discussion #15
Remember all assignments, tests and quizzes must be submitted official via BLACKBOARD
Forum Discussion #015
BBC Select, is a gateway to a diverse array of acclaimed documentaries spanning history, nature, royalty, and biographies. Watch the following:
Please answer the following question:
The term "Gothic" has undergone a dramatic transformation in its meaning over the centuries. Starting as an insult during the Italian Renaissance, it later became associated with awe-inspiring cathedrals and eerie literature. Why do you think Gothic art and architecture fell out of favor after the Middle Ages? How did its revival in the Georgian era reflect changes in British society? Discuss with examples from art, literature, or history to support your viewpoint.
Need help? Remember the Discussion Board Rubric.
THE RUNDOWN
Once upon a time in the annals of history, a term existed so laden with contradictions and controversies that it danced on the tightrope between admiration and disdain, much like a Renaissance artist caught between divine inspiration and a messy studio. 'Gothic,' initially birthed in the fiery furnaces of the Italian Renaissance as an insult hurled at anything deemed barbaric or backward, particularly medieval art and architecture, evolved into a cultural phenomenon during Georgian England. Here, it found new life as a profound reflection of societal upheavals—industrialization, scientific exploration, and societal shifts. Gothic art and literature, in this context, became not just aesthetic expressions but mirrors reflecting fears, desires, and the unsettling changes of their time. What began as a rebuke transformed into a narrative of transformation, challenging norms with its unconventional narratives and inviting readers to explore the shadows of human imagination with wit and profound honesty.
The term "Gothic" has undergone a dramatic transformation in its meaning over the centuries. Starting as an insult during the Italian Renaissance, it later became associated with awe-inspiring cathedrals and eerie literature. Why do you think Gothic art and architecture fell out of favor after the Middle Ages? How did its revival in the Georgian era reflect changes in British society? Discuss with examples from art, literature, or history to support your viewpoint.
Need help? Remember the Discussion Board Rubric.
THE RUNDOWN
Once upon a time in the annals of history, a term existed so laden with contradictions and controversies that it danced on the tightrope between admiration and disdain, much like a Renaissance artist caught between divine inspiration and a messy studio. 'Gothic,' initially birthed in the fiery furnaces of the Italian Renaissance as an insult hurled at anything deemed barbaric or backward, particularly medieval art and architecture, evolved into a cultural phenomenon during Georgian England. Here, it found new life as a profound reflection of societal upheavals—industrialization, scientific exploration, and societal shifts. Gothic art and literature, in this context, became not just aesthetic expressions but mirrors reflecting fears, desires, and the unsettling changes of their time. What began as a rebuke transformed into a narrative of transformation, challenging norms with its unconventional narratives and inviting readers to explore the shadows of human imagination with wit and profound honesty.
Hey, welcome to the work cited section! Here's where you'll find all the heavy hitters that inspired the content you've just consumed. Some might think citations are as dull as unbuttered toast, but nothing gets my intellectual juices flowing like a good reference list. Don't get me wrong, just because we've cited a source; doesn't mean we're always going to see eye-to-eye. But that's the beauty of it - it's up to you to chew on the material and come to conclusions. Listen, we've gone to great lengths to ensure these citations are accurate, but let's face it, we're all human. So, give us a holler if you notice any mistakes or suggest more sources. We're always looking to up our game. Ultimately, it's all about pursuing knowledge and truth.
Work Cited:
Work Cited:
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