Module Fifteen: From Scrolls to LOLs
In the vast landscape of Western literature post-1500 CE, are you intrigued to explore the diverse epochs of human creativity? Can you envision a vibrant carnival where each literary era is a captivating sideshow, with its unique ensemble—from Shakespearean jesters to Enlightenment intellectuals adorned in powdered wigs?
Let us embark on our journey with the Renaissance, a time when Europe dusted off its ancient Greek and Roman texts like a trendy hipster unearths vintage vinyl records. Suddenly, classical literature and art became all the rage, and the cool cats—like Shakespeare—were blending tragedy with comedy quicker than you could ponder 'to be or not to be.' It was an era of rediscovery and reinvention, where challenging authority was as fashionable as ruffled collars and codpieces. This was a time of intellectual revolution, a cultural explosion that still resonates today.
But hold on tight, for here strides the Enlightenment onto the stage, resembling a philosopher armed with a colossal feather quill. Reason was the new black, and Voltaire threw shade at societal hypocrisy faster than one could exclaim "Candide." This era was about questioning the established order, advocating for human rights, and replacing superstition with scientific inquiry. Yet amidst their enthusiasm for reason, they occasionally overlooked the messy, emotional complexity akin to a Shakespearean drama.
Then Romanticism crashed this intellectual party like an emo adolescent disdainful of industrialization. It celebrated nature, with Wordsworth and Shelley crafting verses about daffodils and misunderstood creatures. Nature ceased to be mere scenery; it became a rebellious declaration against soul-crushing progress. Romanticism mirrored the hipster ethos of its time, glorifying individualism and unrefined, artisanal emotions. This literary epoch wore its heart on its sleeve, a stark contrast to the rationality of the Enlightenment.
Yet, the Realists were about to keep sentimentality from dominating. Dickens and his contemporaries delved deep into the underbelly of Victorian society, akin to literary investigative reporters unafraid to confront the grim realities of poverty and inequality. And then came Modernism, transforming literature into a cubist painting—Joyce and his cohorts dismantled traditional narratives and rearranged syntax faster than you could mutter "stream of consciousness."
What does this whirlwind tour of literary epochs reveal? Beyond the loud antics of writers across centuries, studying these movements today offers insights far beyond dusty tomes. It serves as a rapid course in societal evolution, molding cultures with ideas and exploring enduring questions—justice, identity, and the purpose of existence. Consider, for instance, how the Enlightenment's emphasis on reason and science continues to shape our understanding of the world today.
Consider the Enlightenment, which bestowed democracy and human rights while occasionally dismissing emotions like an awkward relative no one wished to acknowledge. Or Romanticism, fostering an appreciation for nature and personal sentiment yet tinged with a nostalgic yearning for an idyllic past that likely never existed.
As for Modernism, with its fragmented narratives and avant-garde experiments, it expanded the literary horizon while occasionally bewildering readers like a cubist artwork.
Delving into this literary odyssey mirrors peering through a kaleidoscope of human experiences—chaotic, contradictory, and sometimes utterly ludicrous. Yet within this labyrinth lies the common thread that binds us across epochs—the quest for justice, the pursuit of meaning, and the perennial endeavor to comprehend ourselves and our world.
So, secure your literary ticket and join this exhilarating voyage. It's a trek through history adorned with wit, irreverence, and a keen eye for the follies of human nature. If literature teaches us anything, it is that amid the pandemonium lies beauty, and within satire resides truth. Whether you're a student, a literature enthusiast, or simply someone interested in cultural history, this journey promises to be rewarding.
THE RUNDOWN
QUESTIONS
Let us embark on our journey with the Renaissance, a time when Europe dusted off its ancient Greek and Roman texts like a trendy hipster unearths vintage vinyl records. Suddenly, classical literature and art became all the rage, and the cool cats—like Shakespeare—were blending tragedy with comedy quicker than you could ponder 'to be or not to be.' It was an era of rediscovery and reinvention, where challenging authority was as fashionable as ruffled collars and codpieces. This was a time of intellectual revolution, a cultural explosion that still resonates today.
But hold on tight, for here strides the Enlightenment onto the stage, resembling a philosopher armed with a colossal feather quill. Reason was the new black, and Voltaire threw shade at societal hypocrisy faster than one could exclaim "Candide." This era was about questioning the established order, advocating for human rights, and replacing superstition with scientific inquiry. Yet amidst their enthusiasm for reason, they occasionally overlooked the messy, emotional complexity akin to a Shakespearean drama.
Then Romanticism crashed this intellectual party like an emo adolescent disdainful of industrialization. It celebrated nature, with Wordsworth and Shelley crafting verses about daffodils and misunderstood creatures. Nature ceased to be mere scenery; it became a rebellious declaration against soul-crushing progress. Romanticism mirrored the hipster ethos of its time, glorifying individualism and unrefined, artisanal emotions. This literary epoch wore its heart on its sleeve, a stark contrast to the rationality of the Enlightenment.
Yet, the Realists were about to keep sentimentality from dominating. Dickens and his contemporaries delved deep into the underbelly of Victorian society, akin to literary investigative reporters unafraid to confront the grim realities of poverty and inequality. And then came Modernism, transforming literature into a cubist painting—Joyce and his cohorts dismantled traditional narratives and rearranged syntax faster than you could mutter "stream of consciousness."
What does this whirlwind tour of literary epochs reveal? Beyond the loud antics of writers across centuries, studying these movements today offers insights far beyond dusty tomes. It serves as a rapid course in societal evolution, molding cultures with ideas and exploring enduring questions—justice, identity, and the purpose of existence. Consider, for instance, how the Enlightenment's emphasis on reason and science continues to shape our understanding of the world today.
Consider the Enlightenment, which bestowed democracy and human rights while occasionally dismissing emotions like an awkward relative no one wished to acknowledge. Or Romanticism, fostering an appreciation for nature and personal sentiment yet tinged with a nostalgic yearning for an idyllic past that likely never existed.
As for Modernism, with its fragmented narratives and avant-garde experiments, it expanded the literary horizon while occasionally bewildering readers like a cubist artwork.
Delving into this literary odyssey mirrors peering through a kaleidoscope of human experiences—chaotic, contradictory, and sometimes utterly ludicrous. Yet within this labyrinth lies the common thread that binds us across epochs—the quest for justice, the pursuit of meaning, and the perennial endeavor to comprehend ourselves and our world.
So, secure your literary ticket and join this exhilarating voyage. It's a trek through history adorned with wit, irreverence, and a keen eye for the follies of human nature. If literature teaches us anything, it is that amid the pandemonium lies beauty, and within satire resides truth. Whether you're a student, a literature enthusiast, or simply someone interested in cultural history, this journey promises to be rewarding.
THE RUNDOWN
- Renaissance (14th-17th centuries): William Shakespeare's plays, such as "Hamlet" (1600) and "Othello" (1603), exemplified the Renaissance spirit of exploring human nature, morality, and individualism, highlighting the era's focus on classical learning and human potential.
- Enlightenment (17th-18th centuries): Enlightenment thinkers like Voltaire, in "Candide" (1759), and John Locke, in "An Essay Concerning Human Understanding" (1690), emphasized reason, civil liberties, and democratic principles, challenging societal injustices and promoting intellectual exchange.
- Romanticism (late 18th-early 19th centuries): Romantic writers, such as William Wordsworth with "Lyrical Ballads" (1798) and Mary Shelley with "Frankenstein" (1818), celebrated emotions, nature, and individualism, reacting against the Enlightenment's focus on reason and addressing the dehumanizing effects of industrialization.
- Realism (19th century): Charles Dickens, through works like "Great Expectations" (1861), depicted social injustices and the struggles of the poor, using detailed portrayals of everyday life to influence social reform and highlight societal complexities.
- Modernism (early 20th century): Modernist authors like James Joyce, in "Ulysses" (1922), revolutionized narrative techniques, exploring human consciousness and breaking traditional literary boundaries, reflecting society's complexities and expanding literary expression.
- Enduring Relevance (contemporary implications): Studying post-1500 CE literature enriches our understanding of historical contexts, fosters critical thinking and empathy, and highlights ongoing social issues, demonstrating the continuous impact of literary movements on modern society and culture.
QUESTIONS
- How does studying literature from post-1500 CE help us understand historical contexts and societal changes? Provide examples from different literary periods.
- Discuss how literature fosters critical thinking and empathy by highlighting ongoing social issues. Can you think of any modern books or films that have had a similar impact?
- In what ways do the themes and ideas from Renaissance, Enlightenment, Romantic, Realist, and Modernist literature continue to influence our society and culture today? Provide specific examples.
#15: Don't Lose Your Humanity
History is a grand tapestry woven with humanity's triumphant moments and blunders—a vast narrative where names, dates, and battles can quickly become tangled. Yet, beneath the surface, history offers authentic stories that capture events and the raw emotions of those who lived through them. Some of these stories seem as incongruous as a vegetarian at a barbecue or a gravity denier in a space agency.
Take the Tokyo air raid of 1945. On the surface, it's a grim statistic, a mere footnote in the annals of warfare. But imagine the anguish of a mother sifting through the rubble, searching desperately for her child amidst the devastation. Suddenly, those 100,000 lives lost aren't just numbers—they're individual heartbeats extinguished in an instant. War is not merely a clash of armies; it's a collision of human souls, leaving indelible scars.
Consider the Holocaust—six million Jews were exterminated. It's more than a staggering number; it's a mosaic of Elie Wiesel's deepest fears, Anne Frank's shattered dreams, and the silent screams echoing within the walls of Auschwitz. Wiesel's "Night" doesn't just recount; it plunges you into darkness, challenging you to confront the unimaginable, much like enduring a gut-wrenching marathon of "Black Mirror."
He is switching gears to the Civil Rights Movement of the '50s and '60s—America's tumultuous journey toward unity. James Baldwin's "Notes of a Native Son" is more than literature; it's a clarion call. Baldwin doesn't merely discuss racism; he embodies it, confronts it, and throws it back at society with a forceful slap. America has a history of dishing out plenty of nonsense, and Baldwin brings it back.
So, what's the overarching theme? Stories humanize history and illuminate its quirks. We can send cars into space but need help feeding our planet. We erect towers that touch the heavens yet grapple with lifting people out of poverty. It's as if our world was designed by an amateur who earned their diploma from a cereal box.
But stories aren't without their flaws. They're messy, colored by perspective, and sometimes as reliable as a fast-food diet. Confederate soldier journals, for example, are captivating but rife with bias—like trying to solve a puzzle with missing pieces and some from entirely different sets.
So, where does this leave us? With a history as imperfect and enthralling as the people who chronicle it. While stories can be as unreliable as a stormy weather forecast, they offer our best glimpse into the human experience. After all, we're all navigating this unpredictable journey, deciphering a world that often speaks in cryptic riddles.
Ultimately, history isn't just about the past; it mirrors our present and shapes our future. It's a distorted funhouse mirror reflecting our triumphs, blunders, and peculiar choices—whether it's topping pizza with pineapple or electing a reality TV star as a leader. So, let's embrace the chaos, contradictions, and sheer absurdity because that makes us human. And if history teaches us anything, being human is one wild, unpredictable adventure.
RUNDOWN
STATE OF THE WORLD
History is a grand tapestry woven with humanity's triumphant moments and blunders—a vast narrative where names, dates, and battles can quickly become tangled. Yet, beneath the surface, history offers authentic stories that capture events and the raw emotions of those who lived through them. Some of these stories seem as incongruous as a vegetarian at a barbecue or a gravity denier in a space agency.
Take the Tokyo air raid of 1945. On the surface, it's a grim statistic, a mere footnote in the annals of warfare. But imagine the anguish of a mother sifting through the rubble, searching desperately for her child amidst the devastation. Suddenly, those 100,000 lives lost aren't just numbers—they're individual heartbeats extinguished in an instant. War is not merely a clash of armies; it's a collision of human souls, leaving indelible scars.
Consider the Holocaust—six million Jews were exterminated. It's more than a staggering number; it's a mosaic of Elie Wiesel's deepest fears, Anne Frank's shattered dreams, and the silent screams echoing within the walls of Auschwitz. Wiesel's "Night" doesn't just recount; it plunges you into darkness, challenging you to confront the unimaginable, much like enduring a gut-wrenching marathon of "Black Mirror."
He is switching gears to the Civil Rights Movement of the '50s and '60s—America's tumultuous journey toward unity. James Baldwin's "Notes of a Native Son" is more than literature; it's a clarion call. Baldwin doesn't merely discuss racism; he embodies it, confronts it, and throws it back at society with a forceful slap. America has a history of dishing out plenty of nonsense, and Baldwin brings it back.
So, what's the overarching theme? Stories humanize history and illuminate its quirks. We can send cars into space but need help feeding our planet. We erect towers that touch the heavens yet grapple with lifting people out of poverty. It's as if our world was designed by an amateur who earned their diploma from a cereal box.
But stories aren't without their flaws. They're messy, colored by perspective, and sometimes as reliable as a fast-food diet. Confederate soldier journals, for example, are captivating but rife with bias—like trying to solve a puzzle with missing pieces and some from entirely different sets.
So, where does this leave us? With a history as imperfect and enthralling as the people who chronicle it. While stories can be as unreliable as a stormy weather forecast, they offer our best glimpse into the human experience. After all, we're all navigating this unpredictable journey, deciphering a world that often speaks in cryptic riddles.
Ultimately, history isn't just about the past; it mirrors our present and shapes our future. It's a distorted funhouse mirror reflecting our triumphs, blunders, and peculiar choices—whether it's topping pizza with pineapple or electing a reality TV star as a leader. So, let's embrace the chaos, contradictions, and sheer absurdity because that makes us human. And if history teaches us anything, being human is one wild, unpredictable adventure.
RUNDOWN
- Personal stories humanize historical events, fostering empathy and making them relatable.
- Anecdotal accounts provide diverse viewpoints, shedding light on overlooked aspects of history.
- Survivors' narratives reveal the profound human cost of events like the Tokyo bombing in 1945.
- Elie Wiesel's "Night" offers a harrowing personal account that challenges sanitized views of the Holocaust.
- James Baldwin's "Notes of a Native Son" illuminates the systemic racism faced during the Civil Rights Movement.
- Confederate soldier diaries from the Civil War offer valuable but biased insights, requiring critical evaluation for a complete understanding.
STATE OF THE WORLD
In 1503, the world was a vibrant tapestry of ambition, artistry, and audacity, each thread woven meticulously under the watchful eye of history. Picture Europe during the Renaissance, where luminaries like Leonardo da Vinci painted with regal finesse and Michelangelo sculpted marble with fiery passion. Meanwhile, China under Emperor Zhengde across Asia mingled silk-clad nobles with enigmatic scholars. At the same time, the Ottoman Empire, under Sultan Bayezid II, flourished with both sultan-like magnanimity and merchant-like cunning. In India, sultanates and the grandeur of the Vijayanagara Empire dazzled with their diversity and splendor. Venture into the Middle East, where the Safavid Empire in Persia courted mystics and mathematicians. At the same time, the Americas boasted the Aztec and Inca Empires, their cities gleaming with gold and ambition. Africa, a mosaic of states and empires, saw the Songhai Empire thrive in the west and the Swahili coast bustling with vibrant trade. The era was also marked by significant technological advancements, embodied by Gutenberg's printing press and navigators' voyages, which reshaped continents and trade routes like the storied Silk Road, stitching together cultures with silk, spices, and dreams. Amidst the drama, religion cast its influence from European cathedrals to Arabian minarets, while in the Americas and Africa, faith resonated through nature and ancestral echoes. 1503 thus marked a pivotal crossroads where humanity dared to dream in unprecedented colors, exchanging ideas as precious as gold amidst the swaggering empires, conspiring brushstrokes, and audacious maritime exploits shaping the tumultuous tapestries of centuries to come.
HIGHLIGHTS
We've got some fine classroom lectures coming your way, all courtesy of the RPTM podcast. These lectures will take you on a wild ride through history, exploring everything from ancient civilizations and epic battles to scientific breakthroughs and artistic revolutions. The podcast will guide you through each lecture with its no-nonsense, straight-talking style, using various sources to give you the lowdown on each topic. You won't find any fancy-pants jargon or convoluted theories here, just plain and straightforward explanations anyone can understand. So sit back and prepare to soak up some knowledge.
LECTURES
LECTURES
- UNDER CONSTRUCTION!
The Reading section—a realm where our aspirations of enlightenment often clash with the harsh realities of procrastination and the desperate reliance on Google. We soldier on through dense texts, promised 'broadening perspectives' but often wrestling with existential dread and academic pressure. With a healthy dose of sarcasm and a strong cup of coffee, I'll be your guide on this wild journey from dusty tomes to the murky depths of postmodernism. In the midst of all the pretentious prose, there's a glimmer of insight: we're all in this together, united in our struggle to survive without losing our sanity.
READING
This class utilizes the following textbook:
Sherman, Dennis, and Joyce Salisbury. The West in the World. 5th ed. McGraw Hill, 2013.
In the whirlwind of academia, where tweed jackets and discussions about the best coffee spot reign, Joyce Salisbury and Dennis Sherman stand out as the rebels of historical scholarship. Armed with Salisbury's Ph.D. in medieval history from Rutgers University and Sherman's academic journey from UC Berkeley to the University of Michigan, they challenge the conventional norms with their scholarly prowess and irreverent wit. Salisbury fearlessly delves into ancient violence with works like "The Blood of Martyrs" and uncovers forgotten tales of resilience in "The Encyclopedia of Women in the Ancient World." Meanwhile, Sherman, akin to an academic Indiana Jones, roams the globe contemplating French history in Parisian cafes and making history accessible with titles like "A Short History of Western Civilization." Together, they disrupt the ivory tower with their unapologetic approach and thirst for asking the tough questions.
As a dynamic duo, Salisbury and Sherman defy the stereotype of the stuffy historian. Their partnership merges Salisbury's pen, mightier than Excalibur itself, with Sherman's knack for weaving accessible narratives. They're not just scholars but cultural provocateurs challenging the status quo. So, here's to raising a glass (or a quill) to these academic renegades, who breathe life into the dusty corridors of historical scholarship with their relentless curiosity and scholarly swagger.
RUNDOWN
READING
- Chapter 26. Into the Twenty-First Century: The Present in Perspective
This class utilizes the following textbook:
Sherman, Dennis, and Joyce Salisbury. The West in the World. 5th ed. McGraw Hill, 2013.
In the whirlwind of academia, where tweed jackets and discussions about the best coffee spot reign, Joyce Salisbury and Dennis Sherman stand out as the rebels of historical scholarship. Armed with Salisbury's Ph.D. in medieval history from Rutgers University and Sherman's academic journey from UC Berkeley to the University of Michigan, they challenge the conventional norms with their scholarly prowess and irreverent wit. Salisbury fearlessly delves into ancient violence with works like "The Blood of Martyrs" and uncovers forgotten tales of resilience in "The Encyclopedia of Women in the Ancient World." Meanwhile, Sherman, akin to an academic Indiana Jones, roams the globe contemplating French history in Parisian cafes and making history accessible with titles like "A Short History of Western Civilization." Together, they disrupt the ivory tower with their unapologetic approach and thirst for asking the tough questions.
As a dynamic duo, Salisbury and Sherman defy the stereotype of the stuffy historian. Their partnership merges Salisbury's pen, mightier than Excalibur itself, with Sherman's knack for weaving accessible narratives. They're not just scholars but cultural provocateurs challenging the status quo. So, here's to raising a glass (or a quill) to these academic renegades, who breathe life into the dusty corridors of historical scholarship with their relentless curiosity and scholarly swagger.
RUNDOWN
- In the late 20th century, the fall of communist regimes in Eastern Europe marked significant political and economic changes.
- The Soviet Union disintegrated, ending the Cold War and a historical era that began in 1914.
- The end of the Cold War renewed commitments to democracy and capitalism in the West, accelerated European unification, and left the US as the sole military superpower.
- The collapse of communism did not eliminate all anxieties; the transition was challenging for Eastern Europe and the former Soviet Union.
- The global population distribution changed, with fewer people living in Europe and North America by 2010.
- Increased global interaction led to both cultural conflicts and convergence, potentially signaling the start of a new global society.
- The pursuit of economic growth and material security impacted the environment, raising global concerns.
- Western civilization, once central, became one of many influential cultures in a more interconnected world.
- Humanity faced great challenges as a new era began, with the response from the West and the world uncertain.
Howard Zinn was a historian, writer, and political activist known for his critical analysis of American history. He is particularly well-known for his counter-narrative to traditional American history accounts and highlights marginalized groups' experiences and perspectives. Zinn's work is often associated with social history and is known for his Marxist and socialist views. Larry Schweikart is also a historian, but his work and perspective are often considered more conservative. Schweikart's work is often associated with military history, and he is known for his support of free-market economics and limited government. Overall, Zinn and Schweikart have different perspectives on various historical issues and events and may interpret historical events and phenomena differently. Occasionally, we will also look at Thaddeus Russell, a historian, author, and academic. Russell has written extensively on the history of social and cultural change, and his work focuses on how marginalized and oppressed groups have challenged and transformed mainstream culture. Russell is known for his unconventional and controversial ideas, and his work has been praised for its originality and provocative nature.
My classes utilize both Howard Zinn's A People's History of the United States and Larry Schweikart's Patriot's History of the United States, mostly in excerpts posted to the modules.
My classes utilize both Howard Zinn's A People's History of the United States and Larry Schweikart's Patriot's History of the United States, mostly in excerpts posted to the modules.

Zinn, A People's History of the United States
"... Control in modern times requires more than force, more than law. It requires that a population dangerously concentrated in cities and factories, whose lives are tilled with cause for rebellion, be taught that all is right as it is. And so, the schools, the churches, the popular literature taught that to be rich was a sign of superiority, to be poor a sign of personal failure, and that the only way upward for a poor person was to climb into the ranks of the rich by extraordinary effort and extraordinary luck..."
"... Control in modern times requires more than force, more than law. It requires that a population dangerously concentrated in cities and factories, whose lives are tilled with cause for rebellion, be taught that all is right as it is. And so, the schools, the churches, the popular literature taught that to be rich was a sign of superiority, to be poor a sign of personal failure, and that the only way upward for a poor person was to climb into the ranks of the rich by extraordinary effort and extraordinary luck..."

Larry Schweikart, A Patriot's History of the United States
..Colonial literature likewise focused on religion or otherwise addressed the needs of common folk. This pattern was set with Bradford’s Of Plymouth Plantation, which related the exciting story of the Pilgrims with an eye to the all-powerful role of God in shaping their destiny. Anne Bradstreet, an accomplished seventeenth-century colonial poet who continued to be popular after her death, also
conveyed religious themes and emphasized divine inspiration of human events. Although literacy was widespread, Americans read mainly the Bible, political tracts, and how-to books on farming, mechanics, and moral improvement—not Greek philosophers or the campaigns of Caesar. Benjamin Franklin’s Autobiography is a classic example of the American penchant for pragmatic literature that continues to this day. Franklin wrote his Autobiography during the pre-Revolutionary era, though it was not published until the nineteenth century. Several generations of American schoolchildren grew up on these tales of his youthful adventures and early career, culminating with his gaining fame as a Pennsylvania printer, writer, scientist, diplomat, and patriot politician. Franklin’s “13 Virtues”—Honesty, Thrift, Devotion, Faithfulness, Trust, Courtesy, Cleanliness, Temperance, Work, Humility, and so on—constituted a list of personal traits aspired to by virtually every Puritan, Quaker, or Catholic in the colonies..."
..Colonial literature likewise focused on religion or otherwise addressed the needs of common folk. This pattern was set with Bradford’s Of Plymouth Plantation, which related the exciting story of the Pilgrims with an eye to the all-powerful role of God in shaping their destiny. Anne Bradstreet, an accomplished seventeenth-century colonial poet who continued to be popular after her death, also
conveyed religious themes and emphasized divine inspiration of human events. Although literacy was widespread, Americans read mainly the Bible, political tracts, and how-to books on farming, mechanics, and moral improvement—not Greek philosophers or the campaigns of Caesar. Benjamin Franklin’s Autobiography is a classic example of the American penchant for pragmatic literature that continues to this day. Franklin wrote his Autobiography during the pre-Revolutionary era, though it was not published until the nineteenth century. Several generations of American schoolchildren grew up on these tales of his youthful adventures and early career, culminating with his gaining fame as a Pennsylvania printer, writer, scientist, diplomat, and patriot politician. Franklin’s “13 Virtues”—Honesty, Thrift, Devotion, Faithfulness, Trust, Courtesy, Cleanliness, Temperance, Work, Humility, and so on—constituted a list of personal traits aspired to by virtually every Puritan, Quaker, or Catholic in the colonies..."

Thaddeus Russell, A Renegade History of the United States
...After the American Revolution, as we have seen, doctors and political leaders believed that for the new nation to flourish, its citizens needed to exert strict control over their bodies. Benjamin Rush argued for the abolition of both slavery and masturbation. He penned several tracts opposing the slave trade and many more against the evils posed to the republic by self-pleasuring. Rush spoke for virtually the entire American medical profession when he declared that this 'state of degeneracy' must be avoided by 'close application of the mind to business, or study of any kind.' If the patient still succumbed to temptation, Rush prescribed 'a vegetable diet, temperance, bodily labor, cold baths, avoidance of obscenity, music, a close study of mathematics, military glory, and, if all else failed, castor oil.'
Sex of any kind was considered dangerous at best, and, accordingly, it was hunted down and caged. According to Estelle B. Freedmen and John D’Emilio, authors of Intimate Matters, the leading history of American sexuality, a 'prolific sexual advice literature' in the early nineteenth century 'inundated Americans with the message that bodily well-being required that individuals exercise some measure of control over their sexual desires.' To be sure, many free white Americans violated the norm of sexual control—especially among the new urban working class—but those who did were considered to be not only unworthy of citizenship but also, as we have seen during the early national period, threats to the nation itself..."
...After the American Revolution, as we have seen, doctors and political leaders believed that for the new nation to flourish, its citizens needed to exert strict control over their bodies. Benjamin Rush argued for the abolition of both slavery and masturbation. He penned several tracts opposing the slave trade and many more against the evils posed to the republic by self-pleasuring. Rush spoke for virtually the entire American medical profession when he declared that this 'state of degeneracy' must be avoided by 'close application of the mind to business, or study of any kind.' If the patient still succumbed to temptation, Rush prescribed 'a vegetable diet, temperance, bodily labor, cold baths, avoidance of obscenity, music, a close study of mathematics, military glory, and, if all else failed, castor oil.'
Sex of any kind was considered dangerous at best, and, accordingly, it was hunted down and caged. According to Estelle B. Freedmen and John D’Emilio, authors of Intimate Matters, the leading history of American sexuality, a 'prolific sexual advice literature' in the early nineteenth century 'inundated Americans with the message that bodily well-being required that individuals exercise some measure of control over their sexual desires.' To be sure, many free white Americans violated the norm of sexual control—especially among the new urban working class—but those who did were considered to be not only unworthy of citizenship but also, as we have seen during the early national period, threats to the nation itself..."
In the vast landscape of Western literature, from the earnest sermons of Puritanical zealots to the pragmatic ruminations of Enlightenment luminaries, we are not just presented with tales of morality and virtue, but a captivating narrative of control and societal norms. Imagine a time when early American settlers, clutching their Bibles like precious talismans, fervently preached communal values akin to zealous salespeople touting snake oil remedies. Literature here wasn't just a form of entertainment; it was the definitive guide for communal conformity, a powerful tool that shaped societal norms and governance.
Step into the world of the Puritans, masters of ideological wrangling and societal cohesion. Their literary offerings were no light beach reads; John Winthrop's 'A Model of Christian Charity' (1630) served as a blueprint for constructing a righteous society where individual idiosyncrasies were as unwelcome as a skunk at a wedding. No, their writings were not just about spiritual salvation; they wove chains of communal identity so sturdy that even a hint of dissent smelled of heresy. This was a stark contrast to the Enlightenment, which emerged as the irreverent rebel of intellectual thought, challenging the very foundations of societal norms.
Yet, brace yourself in your tricorn hats, for the Enlightenment emerged as the irreverent rebel of intellectual thought. Benjamin Franklin, America's beloved polymath, and enthusiast of kites, did more than scribble about bifocals and electricity; his "Autobiography" (1791) became a manifesto for personal initiative. It wasn't merely about industry and frugality; it was a clarion call to make America great (again, and again, and again).
Following the Revolution, America shed its powdered wigs and delved into the serious business of societal micromanagement. Benjamin Rush, esteemed physician and purveyor of solemnity penned feverish denunciations of vice, from spirits to gambling, and the allure of anything remotely enjoyable. His "Inquiry into the Effects of Ardent Spirits upon the Human Body and Mind" (1785) wasn't just a pamphlet; it became a prescription for the national hangover.
Dear reader, through this madcap odyssey of literature and societal norms, we witness a high-stakes dance of control unfold. Literature, with its lofty ideals and moral compasses, doesn't merely reflect society; it shapes, contorts, and occasionally binds it in knots tighter than a Puritan's starched Sunday ruff. This influence of literature on societal norms is not just a thrilling spectacle; it's a gripping drama that we must pay attention to.
But let's not become entangled in the historical cobwebs of morality and virtue. There lurked a shadowy underbelly for every sermon delivered and every treatise penned. For all its communal cheer, Puritan literature often drowned out dissenting voices like a tone-deaf crooner at an open mic night. With his prescriptions for moral rectitude, Rush walked a fine line between advocating for public health and the nosy neighbor peering through lace curtains.
Amidst the turmoil and contradictions, literature mirrors the messy reality of governance and societal unity. It's not merely about shaping public discourse; it's about challenging it, prodding it, and occasionally giving it a vigorous shake. For every Franklin extolling the virtues of industry, there exists a rebel scribbling in the margins, questioning the status quo and thumbing their nose at convention. This aspect of literature's influence, the role of dissent, is often overlooked, but it is crucial in understanding its role in shaping societal norms and governance.
In summation, as we navigate the stormy seas of governance and ethics, let us not disregard the lessons of our literary heritage. From Puritans to polymaths, each voice contributes another layer to the cacophony of ideas that define our identity and trajectory. So, the next time you peruse a weathered tome or scroll through a digital diatribe, remember this: literature is more than mere words on a page. It is an expedition through the absurdities and aspirations of our shared human experience—a tumultuous journey through a familiar yet perplexing world where change reigns as the sole constant.
THE RUNDOWN
QUESTIONS
Step into the world of the Puritans, masters of ideological wrangling and societal cohesion. Their literary offerings were no light beach reads; John Winthrop's 'A Model of Christian Charity' (1630) served as a blueprint for constructing a righteous society where individual idiosyncrasies were as unwelcome as a skunk at a wedding. No, their writings were not just about spiritual salvation; they wove chains of communal identity so sturdy that even a hint of dissent smelled of heresy. This was a stark contrast to the Enlightenment, which emerged as the irreverent rebel of intellectual thought, challenging the very foundations of societal norms.
Yet, brace yourself in your tricorn hats, for the Enlightenment emerged as the irreverent rebel of intellectual thought. Benjamin Franklin, America's beloved polymath, and enthusiast of kites, did more than scribble about bifocals and electricity; his "Autobiography" (1791) became a manifesto for personal initiative. It wasn't merely about industry and frugality; it was a clarion call to make America great (again, and again, and again).
Following the Revolution, America shed its powdered wigs and delved into the serious business of societal micromanagement. Benjamin Rush, esteemed physician and purveyor of solemnity penned feverish denunciations of vice, from spirits to gambling, and the allure of anything remotely enjoyable. His "Inquiry into the Effects of Ardent Spirits upon the Human Body and Mind" (1785) wasn't just a pamphlet; it became a prescription for the national hangover.
Dear reader, through this madcap odyssey of literature and societal norms, we witness a high-stakes dance of control unfold. Literature, with its lofty ideals and moral compasses, doesn't merely reflect society; it shapes, contorts, and occasionally binds it in knots tighter than a Puritan's starched Sunday ruff. This influence of literature on societal norms is not just a thrilling spectacle; it's a gripping drama that we must pay attention to.
But let's not become entangled in the historical cobwebs of morality and virtue. There lurked a shadowy underbelly for every sermon delivered and every treatise penned. For all its communal cheer, Puritan literature often drowned out dissenting voices like a tone-deaf crooner at an open mic night. With his prescriptions for moral rectitude, Rush walked a fine line between advocating for public health and the nosy neighbor peering through lace curtains.
Amidst the turmoil and contradictions, literature mirrors the messy reality of governance and societal unity. It's not merely about shaping public discourse; it's about challenging it, prodding it, and occasionally giving it a vigorous shake. For every Franklin extolling the virtues of industry, there exists a rebel scribbling in the margins, questioning the status quo and thumbing their nose at convention. This aspect of literature's influence, the role of dissent, is often overlooked, but it is crucial in understanding its role in shaping societal norms and governance.
In summation, as we navigate the stormy seas of governance and ethics, let us not disregard the lessons of our literary heritage. From Puritans to polymaths, each voice contributes another layer to the cacophony of ideas that define our identity and trajectory. So, the next time you peruse a weathered tome or scroll through a digital diatribe, remember this: literature is more than mere words on a page. It is an expedition through the absurdities and aspirations of our shared human experience—a tumultuous journey through a familiar yet perplexing world where change reigns as the sole constant.
THE RUNDOWN
- Puritan literature emphasized strict religious norms and communal values, promoting moral discipline and communal cohesion (e.g., John Winthrop's "A Model of Christian Charity").
- Benjamin Franklin's "Autobiography" highlighted individual virtues like industry and honesty as essential for personal success and societal progress, shaping early American ideals.
- Benjamin Rush, a prominent physician, advocated for moral hygiene and societal control through medical discourse, addressing vices such as excessive drinking and sexual indulgence.
- Literature increasingly served as a tool for regulating personal behaviors seen as threats to societal well-being, reflecting evolving concerns about individual autonomy versus communal welfare.
- Educational institutions and religious texts continued to reinforce societal norms, perpetuating a moral framework that defined acceptable behavior and beliefs.
- The study of historical literature in America provides insights into ongoing debates over individual freedoms, societal responsibilities, and the shaping of cultural identities.
QUESTIONS
- How did educational institutions and religious texts continue to reinforce societal norms and acceptable behaviors?
- How can studying historical literature in America help us understand ongoing debates about individual freedoms and societal responsibilities?
- In what ways does historical literature contribute to the shaping of cultural identities?
Prepare to be transported into the captivating realm of historical films and videos. Brace yourselves for a mind-bending odyssey through time as we embark on a cinematic expedition. Within these flickering frames, the past morphs into a vivid tapestry of triumphs, tragedies, and transformative moments that have shaped the very fabric of our existence. We shall immerse ourselves in a whirlwind of visual narratives, dissecting the nuances of artistic interpretations, examining the storytelling techniques, and voraciously devouring historical accuracy with the ferocity of a time-traveling historian. So strap in, hold tight, and prepare to have your perception of history forever shattered by the mesmerizing lens of the camera.
THE RUNDOWN
Standing at a diminutive 5'2" and born in the quaint town of Amherst, Massachusetts, in 1830, Emily was a paradox—confined to her family home. Yet, her imagination soared boundlessly. An enigmatic figure dubbed "the myth" by neighbors, she never married and rarely left her garden gate, perpetually clad in white, a color symbolizing her intense and vibrant spirit, not purity. Her father, a stern yet progressive lawyer, ensured she received a rare education, fostering her bright intellect and diverse interests in music, science, and math, which danced through her nearly 2,000 poems. Despite self-imposed seclusion, her wit and engaging letters revealed a vibrant mind, possibly troubled by epilepsy, as some speculate. Her most prolific writing period (1858-1865) she coincided with the American Civil War, deepening her reflections on death and mortality. Though only two of her poems were published in her lifetime, her radical style, marked by erratic punctuation and "almost rhymes," hinted at profound connections, especially with her sister-in-law, Susan Gilbert. Emily's posthumous fame, catalyzed by an anthology edited by Thomas Wentworth Higginson, transformed her from a local curiosity into a literary legend, her voice challenging norms and leaving an indelible mark on poetry.
Standing at a diminutive 5'2" and born in the quaint town of Amherst, Massachusetts, in 1830, Emily was a paradox—confined to her family home. Yet, her imagination soared boundlessly. An enigmatic figure dubbed "the myth" by neighbors, she never married and rarely left her garden gate, perpetually clad in white, a color symbolizing her intense and vibrant spirit, not purity. Her father, a stern yet progressive lawyer, ensured she received a rare education, fostering her bright intellect and diverse interests in music, science, and math, which danced through her nearly 2,000 poems. Despite self-imposed seclusion, her wit and engaging letters revealed a vibrant mind, possibly troubled by epilepsy, as some speculate. Her most prolific writing period (1858-1865) she coincided with the American Civil War, deepening her reflections on death and mortality. Though only two of her poems were published in her lifetime, her radical style, marked by erratic punctuation and "almost rhymes," hinted at profound connections, especially with her sister-in-law, Susan Gilbert. Emily's posthumous fame, catalyzed by an anthology edited by Thomas Wentworth Higginson, transformed her from a local curiosity into a literary legend, her voice challenging norms and leaving an indelible mark on poetry.
Welcome to the mind-bending Key Terms extravaganza of our history class learning module. Brace yourselves; we will unravel the cryptic codes, secret handshakes, and linguistic labyrinths that make up the twisted tapestry of historical knowledge. These key terms are the Rosetta Stones of our academic journey, the skeleton keys to unlocking the enigmatic doors of comprehension. They're like historical Swiss Army knives, equipped with blades of definition and corkscrews of contextual examples, ready to pierce through the fog of confusion and liberate your intellectual curiosity. By harnessing the power of these mighty key terms, you'll possess the superhuman ability to traverse the treacherous terrains of primary sources, surf the tumultuous waves of academic texts, and engage in epic battles of historical debate. The past awaits, and the key terms are keys to unlocking its dazzling secrets.
KEY TERMS
KEY TERMS
- 1516 - Thomas More's "Utopia"
- 1590 - Edmund Spenser's "The Faerie Queene"
- 1605 - Miguel de Cervantes' "Don Quixote"
- 1605 - Miguel de Cervantes' "Don Quixote"
- 1667 - John Milton's "Paradise Lost"
- 1678 - John Bunyan's "The Pilgrim's Progress"
- 1726 - Jonathan Swift's "Gulliver's Travels"
- 1759 - Voltaire's "Candide"
- 1813 - Jane Austen's "Pride and Prejudice"
- 1818 - Mary Shelley's "Frankenstein"
- 1847 - Charlotte Brontë's "Jane Eyre"
- 1851 - Herman Melville's "Moby-Dick"
- 1865 - Lewis Carroll's "Alice's Adventures in Wonderland"
- 1876 - Mark Twain's "The Adventures of Tom Sawyer"
- 1897 - Bram Stoker's "Dracula"
- 1922 - James Joyce's "Ulysses"
- 1925 - F. Scott Fitzgerald's "The Great Gatsby"
- 1945 - George Orwell's "Animal Farm"
- 1951 - J.D. Salinger's "The Catcher in the Rye"
- 1954 - J.R.R. Tolkien's "The Fellowship of the Ring"
- 1960 - Harper Lee's "To Kill a Mockingbird"
DISCLAIMER: Welcome scholars to the wild and wacky world of history class. This isn't your granddaddy's boring ol' lecture, baby. We will take a trip through time, which will be one wild ride. I know some of you are in a brick-and-mortar setting, while others are in the vast digital wasteland. But fear not; we're all in this together. Online students might miss out on some in-person interaction, but you can still join in on the fun. This little shindig aims to get you all engaged with the course material and understand how past societies have shaped the world we know today. We'll talk about revolutions, wars, and other crazy stuff. So get ready, kids, because it's going to be one heck of a trip. And for all, you online students out there, don't be shy. Please share your thoughts and ideas with the rest of us. The Professor will do his best to give everyone an equal opportunity to learn, so don't hold back. So, let's do this thing!
Activity #1: UNDER CONSTRUCTION
Activity #2: UNDER CONSTRUCTION
Activity #1: UNDER CONSTRUCTION
Activity #2: UNDER CONSTRUCTION
Ladies and gentlemen, gather 'round for the pièce de résistance of this classroom module - the summary section. As we embark on this tantalizing journey, we'll savor the exquisite flavors of knowledge, highlighting the fundamental ingredients and spices that have seasoned our minds throughout these captivating lessons. Prepare to indulge in a savory recap that will leave your intellectual taste buds tingling, serving as a passport to further enlightenment.
A captivating dance unfolds in the vast tapestry of Western literary history—a whimsical yet profound waltz across centuries of ink-stained manuscripts and the restless minds that birthed them. It transcends mere scholarly discourse, offering a riotous odyssey through the very essence of humanity, laid bare in prose that oscillates between satire, social critique, and an unabashed embrace of raw truth. This journey is not just a passive observation but an intellectual stimulation that invites you to delve deeper into the complexities of human existence, sparking your curiosity and igniting your passion for literature.
Let's delve into the Renaissance, a period of immense cultural and intellectual awakening spanning the 14th to 17th centuries. Here, scholars in their doublets and corsets unearthed ancient wisdom and shook the world awake. William Shakespeare, the unrivaled rockstar of his era, wielded his quill like a virtuoso, serenading packed Elizabethan theaters with his masterpieces like "Hamlet" and "Othello." His dramas were not mere reflections of princely angst but poignant mirrors of the tumultuous nature of power, love, and intrigue rivaling melodrama. These themes, still relevant today, continue to resonate in our modern world.
The Enlightenment emerged, a prim tea party of the 17th and 18th centuries, where luminaries like Voltaire and John Locke spiked the intellectual punch with reason and liberty. Voltaire's "Candide" was not merely a novel—it was a slapstick symphony skewering unquestioning optimism, humorously exposing the folly of a world that insisted all was well if only one squinted hard enough. It was akin to rolling eyes at a friend, particularly of finding true love on a reality show.
But lo and behold—the Romantics, those rebellious scions of the late 18th and early 19th centuries, eschewed reason for a tempestuous affair with emotion and nature. Wordsworth and Shelley, the poetic firebrands of their time, penned verses that echoed the melancholy of moonlit lakes and the pathos of misunderstood creatures in works like "Lyrical Ballads" and "Frankenstein." Their prose wasn't merely about pastoral scenes and tragic romances; it was a rallying cry against industrialization, a defiant proclamation of our humanity amidst the relentless march of progress.
Then came the Realists in the 19th century, crashing the literary gala with gritty narratives of poverty, child labor, and societal inequities. Charles Dickens, their maestro, wove tales like "Great Expectations" that tugged at heartstrings with the force of a Dickensian pickpocket. His prose was stark and unsparing, a stark contrast to the romantic illusions of his contemporaries. It provoked societal introspection and catalyzed reforms that challenged the status quo.
Just when literature seemed poised for predictability, the Modernists of the early 20th century stormed in, defying conventions with the audacity of a DJ on espresso. James Joyce and his cohort eschewed linear narratives for the fragmented realities of "Ulysses," a labyrinthine exploration that left readers bewildered yet exhilarated. Theirs was a literature of both words and existential exploration, challenging readers to confront the kaleidoscope of human consciousness and the fragmented nature of reality itself.
But why delve into this literary rollercoaster? These texts are not mere ink on paper; they are mirrors reflecting the chaos and beauty of human existence. They defy conventions, interrogate assumptions, and remind us that literature is not an escape from reality but a confrontation with it. Whether through the harrowing testimonies of Elie Wiesel's "Night" or the uncomfortable truths of historical diaries, these narratives demand our attention.
Admittedly, some of these literary masterpieces can be as dense as a fruitcake and equally daunting to approach. Yet, their significance is undeniable. They challenge our perceptions, critique our societal norms, and compel us to wrestle with the complexities of our shared humanity. But in this struggle, there is Enlightenment, there is transformation. They have the power to inspire and reshape our understanding of the world, leaving us enlightened and inspired by the profound insights they offer.
So, the next time you crack open a classic or wade through an academic analysis that feels as delicious as chewing cardboard, remember this: behind those venerable pages and lofty theories lies a narrative of humanity grappling with its contradictions. It's messy, absurd, and undeniably human—perhaps even whimsically, evoking laughter, tears, and reconsidering everything we thought we knew. These narratives are intellectual exercises and emotional journeys that connect us to the heart of human experience, fostering a deep sense of connection and empathy with the characters and their stories.
Or, in others words:
Let's delve into the Renaissance, a period of immense cultural and intellectual awakening spanning the 14th to 17th centuries. Here, scholars in their doublets and corsets unearthed ancient wisdom and shook the world awake. William Shakespeare, the unrivaled rockstar of his era, wielded his quill like a virtuoso, serenading packed Elizabethan theaters with his masterpieces like "Hamlet" and "Othello." His dramas were not mere reflections of princely angst but poignant mirrors of the tumultuous nature of power, love, and intrigue rivaling melodrama. These themes, still relevant today, continue to resonate in our modern world.
The Enlightenment emerged, a prim tea party of the 17th and 18th centuries, where luminaries like Voltaire and John Locke spiked the intellectual punch with reason and liberty. Voltaire's "Candide" was not merely a novel—it was a slapstick symphony skewering unquestioning optimism, humorously exposing the folly of a world that insisted all was well if only one squinted hard enough. It was akin to rolling eyes at a friend, particularly of finding true love on a reality show.
But lo and behold—the Romantics, those rebellious scions of the late 18th and early 19th centuries, eschewed reason for a tempestuous affair with emotion and nature. Wordsworth and Shelley, the poetic firebrands of their time, penned verses that echoed the melancholy of moonlit lakes and the pathos of misunderstood creatures in works like "Lyrical Ballads" and "Frankenstein." Their prose wasn't merely about pastoral scenes and tragic romances; it was a rallying cry against industrialization, a defiant proclamation of our humanity amidst the relentless march of progress.
Then came the Realists in the 19th century, crashing the literary gala with gritty narratives of poverty, child labor, and societal inequities. Charles Dickens, their maestro, wove tales like "Great Expectations" that tugged at heartstrings with the force of a Dickensian pickpocket. His prose was stark and unsparing, a stark contrast to the romantic illusions of his contemporaries. It provoked societal introspection and catalyzed reforms that challenged the status quo.
Just when literature seemed poised for predictability, the Modernists of the early 20th century stormed in, defying conventions with the audacity of a DJ on espresso. James Joyce and his cohort eschewed linear narratives for the fragmented realities of "Ulysses," a labyrinthine exploration that left readers bewildered yet exhilarated. Theirs was a literature of both words and existential exploration, challenging readers to confront the kaleidoscope of human consciousness and the fragmented nature of reality itself.
But why delve into this literary rollercoaster? These texts are not mere ink on paper; they are mirrors reflecting the chaos and beauty of human existence. They defy conventions, interrogate assumptions, and remind us that literature is not an escape from reality but a confrontation with it. Whether through the harrowing testimonies of Elie Wiesel's "Night" or the uncomfortable truths of historical diaries, these narratives demand our attention.
Admittedly, some of these literary masterpieces can be as dense as a fruitcake and equally daunting to approach. Yet, their significance is undeniable. They challenge our perceptions, critique our societal norms, and compel us to wrestle with the complexities of our shared humanity. But in this struggle, there is Enlightenment, there is transformation. They have the power to inspire and reshape our understanding of the world, leaving us enlightened and inspired by the profound insights they offer.
So, the next time you crack open a classic or wade through an academic analysis that feels as delicious as chewing cardboard, remember this: behind those venerable pages and lofty theories lies a narrative of humanity grappling with its contradictions. It's messy, absurd, and undeniably human—perhaps even whimsically, evoking laughter, tears, and reconsidering everything we thought we knew. These narratives are intellectual exercises and emotional journeys that connect us to the heart of human experience, fostering a deep sense of connection and empathy with the characters and their stories.
Or, in others words:
- William Shakespeare's plays like "Hamlet" and "Othello" explored human nature and morality, reflecting a revival of classical learning and individualism.
- EVoltaire and John Locke promoted reason, civil liberties, and democratic ideals in works such as "Candide" and "An Essay Concerning Human Understanding," challenging societal injustices.
- Writers like William Wordsworth celebrated nature and emotions in "Lyrical Ballads," reacting against Enlightenment rationalism and industrialization's dehumanizing effects.
- Charles Dickens depicted social injustices and everyday life in novels like "Great Expectations," influencing social reform and highlighting societal complexities.
- James Joyce innovated narrative techniques in "Ulysses," exploring human consciousness and challenging literary norms amid the complexities of the modern world.
- Post-1500 CE literature enriches understanding of history, encourages critical thinking and empathy, and addresses ongoing social issues, shaping society and culture today.
ASSIGNMENTS
Remember all assignments, tests and quizzes must be submitted official via BLACKBOARD
Forum Discussion #16
- Forum Discussion #16
- Quiz #5
Remember all assignments, tests and quizzes must be submitted official via BLACKBOARD
Forum Discussion #16
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Please answer the following question:
We sure had fun this semester, and grew as people. In one paragraph, describe one thing you enjoyed learning about. If this class was a fate worse than death, describe something you would like to learn about NEXT time?
Need help? Remember the Discussion Board Rubric.
We sure had fun this semester, and grew as people. In one paragraph, describe one thing you enjoyed learning about. If this class was a fate worse than death, describe something you would like to learn about NEXT time?
Need help? Remember the Discussion Board Rubric.
Hey, welcome to the work cited section! Here's where you'll find all the heavy hitters that inspired the content you've just consumed. Some might think citations are as dull as unbuttered toast, but nothing gets my intellectual juices flowing like a good reference list. Don't get me wrong, just because we've cited a source; doesn't mean we're always going to see eye-to-eye. But that's the beauty of it - it's up to you to chew on the material and come to conclusions. Listen, we've gone to great lengths to ensure these citations are accurate, but let's face it, we're all human. So, give us a holler if you notice any mistakes or suggest more sources. We're always looking to up our game. Ultimately, it's all about pursuing knowledge and truth.
Work Cited:
Work Cited:
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