Module Nine: Shakespeare to Shake Shack
Welcome to the epic saga of Western civilization post-1500 CE, a rollercoaster journey through humanity's most spectacular feats and facepalms. Buckle up because we're diving deep into this wild ride with dark humor, sharp wit, and just a pinch of social commentary that hits harder than a reality check after a shopping spree.
Let's start with the Renaissance when people decided to dust off their togas and dive headfirst into classical vibes. Picture Italy in the 14th century, where artists and thinkers said, "Hey, let's revive that ancient Greece and Rome gig." And voila, the Renaissance burst onto the scene, delivering masterpieces like Leonardo da Vinci's Mona Lisa and Michelangelo's David, alongside a healthy serving of individualism and humanism. Every stroke of genius comes with a side of social inequality and exploitation of the little guys. Ah, the joys of artistic brilliance!
Next on the agenda: the Enlightenment, where logic and skepticism were hotter than a summer day in the Sahara. Consider it the ultimate intellectual showdown, with philosophers like Voltaire and Rousseau dropping truth bombs like confetti. They were about freedom, equality, and democracy, flipping off authority and shaking things up. But of course, with great Enlightenment comes great drama—cue the French Revolution and a heap of existential crises.
Fast-forward to the Industrial Revolution, when the world went from horse-drawn carriages to steam engines quicker than you can say "sweatshop labor." Sure, it brought us nifty gadgets and mass production, but at what cost? Workers sweating it out in factories, smog choking the skies, and the wealth gap hitting Everest-like heights. Ah, progress. Isn't it grand?
And who could overlook the World Wars, those charming little conflicts that gave history a makeover? World War I was just the warm-up act, setting the stage for World War II's main event, where things got messy. We're talking epic destruction, dictatorships running rampant, and enough human suffering to fill a library. At least we scored the United Nations out of the wreckage, right?
Lastly, let's dive into the post-war rebellions and cultural shake-ups, where the cool kids decided to flip the script. These rebels, from the Beat Generation to the Civil Rights Movement, were not about playing nice. They tore down norms, fought for everyone's seat at the table, and gave bigotry the finger. But of course, progress always comes with a side of drama—hello, backlash, and the never-ending fight against injustice.
So, what's the takeaway from this whirlwind tour of Western civilization? It may be time to embrace the absurdity of it all. From the peaks of genius to the valleys of idiocy, it's a wild ride filled with laughter, tears, and the occasional existential crisis. At least we've got each other.
THE RUNDOWN
QUESTIONS
Let's start with the Renaissance when people decided to dust off their togas and dive headfirst into classical vibes. Picture Italy in the 14th century, where artists and thinkers said, "Hey, let's revive that ancient Greece and Rome gig." And voila, the Renaissance burst onto the scene, delivering masterpieces like Leonardo da Vinci's Mona Lisa and Michelangelo's David, alongside a healthy serving of individualism and humanism. Every stroke of genius comes with a side of social inequality and exploitation of the little guys. Ah, the joys of artistic brilliance!
Next on the agenda: the Enlightenment, where logic and skepticism were hotter than a summer day in the Sahara. Consider it the ultimate intellectual showdown, with philosophers like Voltaire and Rousseau dropping truth bombs like confetti. They were about freedom, equality, and democracy, flipping off authority and shaking things up. But of course, with great Enlightenment comes great drama—cue the French Revolution and a heap of existential crises.
Fast-forward to the Industrial Revolution, when the world went from horse-drawn carriages to steam engines quicker than you can say "sweatshop labor." Sure, it brought us nifty gadgets and mass production, but at what cost? Workers sweating it out in factories, smog choking the skies, and the wealth gap hitting Everest-like heights. Ah, progress. Isn't it grand?
And who could overlook the World Wars, those charming little conflicts that gave history a makeover? World War I was just the warm-up act, setting the stage for World War II's main event, where things got messy. We're talking epic destruction, dictatorships running rampant, and enough human suffering to fill a library. At least we scored the United Nations out of the wreckage, right?
Lastly, let's dive into the post-war rebellions and cultural shake-ups, where the cool kids decided to flip the script. These rebels, from the Beat Generation to the Civil Rights Movement, were not about playing nice. They tore down norms, fought for everyone's seat at the table, and gave bigotry the finger. But of course, progress always comes with a side of drama—hello, backlash, and the never-ending fight against injustice.
So, what's the takeaway from this whirlwind tour of Western civilization? It may be time to embrace the absurdity of it all. From the peaks of genius to the valleys of idiocy, it's a wild ride filled with laughter, tears, and the occasional existential crisis. At least we've got each other.
THE RUNDOWN
- The Renaissance, from the 14th to 17th centuries, revived old art and ideas, shaping how people expressed themselves.
- The Enlightenment, from the 17th to 19th centuries, encouraged thinking about rights and questioning old beliefs, influencing culture and society.
- The Industrial Revolution, from the 18th to 19th centuries, changed how people lived and worked, impacting culture through new inventions and urbanization.
- World War I (1914-1918) and World War II (1939-1945) altered cultures worldwide, inspiring new art, music, and literature reflecting the realities of war.
- Cultural movements in the 20th century, like the Beat Generation and Civil Rights Movement, challenged norms and influenced art, music, and literature.
- Studying these cultural events helps us understand how they shaped societies and continue to influence modern culture.
QUESTIONS
- Why is it important to study cultural events throughout history to understand modern society?
- How do cultural events reflect broader social, political, and economic changes?
- In what ways do cultural events shape individual and collective identities?
#9 Tear Down Your Idols
In the grand tapestry of human experience, statues stand as silent witnesses, casting shadows that echo the narratives of our past triumphs and tribulations. They serve as relics of bygone eras, akin to faded photographs from antiquity, selectively portraying moments of grandeur while conveniently omitting the less savory chapters. Yet, who among us can resist the allure of such carefully curated imagery?
Consider these statues akin to that friend who meticulously curates their social media feed, showcasing only the highlights while conveniently glossing over the mishaps and missteps. They gleam with an air of perfection, perpetually frozen in time like actors on a stage, yet as authentic as a mythical creature performing stunts on a skateboard. Let's delve into the discourse surrounding those contentious Confederate statues. They linger like unwelcome guests at a party, refusing to depart and casting a pall over the atmosphere. While they may have once held sway, the tides of change have washed ashore. It's akin to sporting an outdated fashion statement in a modern era—once trendy, now merely a relic of a bygone era.
Then, the statues commemorating colonial figures scattered across former British dominions, reminiscent of a past relationship that lingers in memory. Though charming in their time, they now serve as reminders of a history marred by exploitation and oppression, a narrative we'd sooner consign to oblivion. Yet amidst the shadows of antiquity, a glimmer of hope emerges. We witness the unveiling of statues honoring the forgotten heroes, the marginalized voices, and those who dared to challenge the status quo. It's akin to a breath of fresh air amidst the staleness of convention, a beacon of light illuminating the obscured corners of our shared history.
So let us dismantle the pedestals of privilege and forge anew—a monument to inclusivity, a testament to our collective narrative, unvarnished and unapologetic. History is not a polished tableau but a mosaic of complexity, a tapestry woven from threads of triumph and tragedy, heroism and villainy. And perhaps, through introspection and humility, we can navigate a future less concerned with superficial perfection and more attuned to the raw authenticity of the human experience. Here's to deconstructing the old to pave the way for the new, embracing the chaos and beauty inherent in our shared journey, and acknowledging that some stories defy the confines of bronze and marble.
RUNDOWN
STATE OF THE WORLD
In the grand tapestry of human experience, statues stand as silent witnesses, casting shadows that echo the narratives of our past triumphs and tribulations. They serve as relics of bygone eras, akin to faded photographs from antiquity, selectively portraying moments of grandeur while conveniently omitting the less savory chapters. Yet, who among us can resist the allure of such carefully curated imagery?
Consider these statues akin to that friend who meticulously curates their social media feed, showcasing only the highlights while conveniently glossing over the mishaps and missteps. They gleam with an air of perfection, perpetually frozen in time like actors on a stage, yet as authentic as a mythical creature performing stunts on a skateboard. Let's delve into the discourse surrounding those contentious Confederate statues. They linger like unwelcome guests at a party, refusing to depart and casting a pall over the atmosphere. While they may have once held sway, the tides of change have washed ashore. It's akin to sporting an outdated fashion statement in a modern era—once trendy, now merely a relic of a bygone era.
Then, the statues commemorating colonial figures scattered across former British dominions, reminiscent of a past relationship that lingers in memory. Though charming in their time, they now serve as reminders of a history marred by exploitation and oppression, a narrative we'd sooner consign to oblivion. Yet amidst the shadows of antiquity, a glimmer of hope emerges. We witness the unveiling of statues honoring the forgotten heroes, the marginalized voices, and those who dared to challenge the status quo. It's akin to a breath of fresh air amidst the staleness of convention, a beacon of light illuminating the obscured corners of our shared history.
So let us dismantle the pedestals of privilege and forge anew—a monument to inclusivity, a testament to our collective narrative, unvarnished and unapologetic. History is not a polished tableau but a mosaic of complexity, a tapestry woven from threads of triumph and tragedy, heroism and villainy. And perhaps, through introspection and humility, we can navigate a future less concerned with superficial perfection and more attuned to the raw authenticity of the human experience. Here's to deconstructing the old to pave the way for the new, embracing the chaos and beauty inherent in our shared journey, and acknowledging that some stories defy the confines of bronze and marble.
RUNDOWN
- Statues, while symbolizing inspiration and national pride, often overlook the flaws and misdeeds of historical figures, distorting the true narrative of history.
- Some statues should be removed as they fail to acknowledge the imperfections of individuals and their ordinary actions, presenting an idealized version of the past.
- History encompasses the collective contributions of communities and marginalized groups, not just the achievements of individual figures immortalized in statues.
- Balancing reverence with critical examination is essential in honoring historical figures, allowing us to draw inspiration while acknowledging their shortcomings.
- Removing statues that prioritize individual figures fosters a more inclusive and representative understanding of history, highlighting diverse voices and perspectives.
- Preservation of statues should prompt reflection on the ongoing struggle for equality and justice, reminding us of the complexities of human behavior and the need for humility in commemoration.
STATE OF THE WORLD
Let's rewind to 1604, a chaotic whirlwind of power-hungry empires, colonization galore, and religious clashes hotter than a summer's day. Europe was a playground for monarchs flexing their muscles, with the Spanish, Ottoman, and Holy Roman Empires in a showdown over territories while the Brits geared up for their imperial escapades. Exploration and colonization were in full swing. Europeans claimed land like it was going out of style, and thinkers like Galileo and Kepler were shaking things up faster than gossip spread. Religious tensions ran high, leading to conflicts like the Thirty Years' War, while the Renaissance flourished, and trade boomed with companies like the Dutch and British East India Companies raking in the profits. Yet, beneath the surface, society was hierarchical and harsh, with peasants toiling while the elite partied. It was a wild ride of upheaval, discovery, and drama, but at least we got Shakespeare out of it.
HIGHLIGHTS
We've got some fine classroom lectures coming your way, all courtesy of the RPTM podcast. These lectures will take you on a wild ride through history, exploring everything from ancient civilizations and epic battles to scientific breakthroughs and artistic revolutions. The podcast will guide you through each lecture with its no-nonsense, straight-talking style, using various sources to give you the lowdown on each topic. You won't find any fancy-pants jargon or convoluted theories here, just plain and straightforward explanations anyone can understand. So sit back and prepare to soak up some knowledge.
LECTURES
LECTURES
- UNDER CONSTRUCTION!
The Reading section—a realm where our aspirations of enlightenment often clash with the harsh realities of procrastination and the desperate reliance on Google. We soldier on through dense texts, promised 'broadening perspectives' but often wrestling with existential dread and academic pressure. With a healthy dose of sarcasm and a strong cup of coffee, I'll be your guide on this wild journey from dusty tomes to the murky depths of postmodernism. In the midst of all the pretentious prose, there's a glimmer of insight: we're all in this together, united in our struggle to survive without losing our sanity.
READING
This class utilizes the following textbook:
Sherman, Dennis, and Joyce Salisbury. The West in the World. 5th ed. McGraw Hill, 2013.
In the whirlwind of academia, where tweed jackets and discussions about the best coffee spot reign, Joyce Salisbury and Dennis Sherman stand out as the rebels of historical scholarship. Armed with Salisbury's Ph.D. in medieval history from Rutgers University and Sherman's academic journey from UC Berkeley to the University of Michigan, they challenge the conventional norms with their scholarly prowess and irreverent wit. Salisbury fearlessly delves into ancient violence with works like "The Blood of Martyrs" and uncovers forgotten tales of resilience in "The Encyclopedia of Women in the Ancient World." Meanwhile, Sherman, akin to an academic Indiana Jones, roams the globe contemplating French history in Parisian cafes and making history accessible with titles like "A Short History of Western Civilization." Together, they disrupt the ivory tower with their unapologetic approach and thirst for asking the tough questions.
As a dynamic duo, Salisbury and Sherman defy the stereotype of the stuffy historian. Their partnership merges Salisbury's pen, mightier than Excalibur itself, with Sherman's knack for weaving accessible narratives. They're not just scholars but cultural provocateurs challenging the status quo. So, here's to raising a glass (or a quill) to these academic renegades, who breathe life into the dusty corridors of historical scholarship with their relentless curiosity and scholarly swagger.
RUNDOWN
READING
- Chapter 20. Mass Politics and Imperial Domination: Democracy and the New Imperialism, 1870-1914
This class utilizes the following textbook:
Sherman, Dennis, and Joyce Salisbury. The West in the World. 5th ed. McGraw Hill, 2013.
In the whirlwind of academia, where tweed jackets and discussions about the best coffee spot reign, Joyce Salisbury and Dennis Sherman stand out as the rebels of historical scholarship. Armed with Salisbury's Ph.D. in medieval history from Rutgers University and Sherman's academic journey from UC Berkeley to the University of Michigan, they challenge the conventional norms with their scholarly prowess and irreverent wit. Salisbury fearlessly delves into ancient violence with works like "The Blood of Martyrs" and uncovers forgotten tales of resilience in "The Encyclopedia of Women in the Ancient World." Meanwhile, Sherman, akin to an academic Indiana Jones, roams the globe contemplating French history in Parisian cafes and making history accessible with titles like "A Short History of Western Civilization." Together, they disrupt the ivory tower with their unapologetic approach and thirst for asking the tough questions.
As a dynamic duo, Salisbury and Sherman defy the stereotype of the stuffy historian. Their partnership merges Salisbury's pen, mightier than Excalibur itself, with Sherman's knack for weaving accessible narratives. They're not just scholars but cultural provocateurs challenging the status quo. So, here's to raising a glass (or a quill) to these academic renegades, who breathe life into the dusty corridors of historical scholarship with their relentless curiosity and scholarly swagger.
RUNDOWN
- By the 1870s, political leaders had learned new lessons about nationalism.
- Nationalism was a powerful force that could be used to fuel success or disintegrate empires.
- It could enhance unity in established nations and strengthen central governments.
- Political realists, not idealists, led successful nationalist struggles.
- They used various tactics like war and diplomacy to achieve their goals.
- The hardest work of unification was often done by nationalist groups, like students and soldiers.
- Germany unified through military means, which came at a high cost.
- Other leaders, like Napoleon II and Tsar Alexander I, initiated reforms to increase their power.
- The cry "for the good of the nation" justified many leaders' actions.
- War was sometimes presented to the public as necessary for national unity.
Howard Zinn was a historian, writer, and political activist known for his critical analysis of American history. He is particularly well-known for his counter-narrative to traditional American history accounts and highlights marginalized groups' experiences and perspectives. Zinn's work is often associated with social history and is known for his Marxist and socialist views. Larry Schweikart is also a historian, but his work and perspective are often considered more conservative. Schweikart's work is often associated with military history, and he is known for his support of free-market economics and limited government. Overall, Zinn and Schweikart have different perspectives on various historical issues and events and may interpret historical events and phenomena differently. Occasionally, we will also look at Thaddeus Russell, a historian, author, and academic. Russell has written extensively on the history of social and cultural change, and his work focuses on how marginalized and oppressed groups have challenged and transformed mainstream culture. Russell is known for his unconventional and controversial ideas, and his work has been praised for its originality and provocative nature.
My classes utilize both Howard Zinn's A People's History of the United States and Larry Schweikart's Patriot's History of the United States, mostly in excerpts posted to the modules.
My classes utilize both Howard Zinn's A People's History of the United States and Larry Schweikart's Patriot's History of the United States, mostly in excerpts posted to the modules.

Zinn, A People's History of the United States
"... Thus, in that inevitable taking of sides which comes from selection and emphasis in history, I prefer to try to tell the story of the discovery of America from the viewpoint of the Arawaks, of the Constitution from the standpoint of the slaves, of Andrew Jackson as seen by the Cherokees, of the Civil War as seen by the New York Irish, of the Mexican war as seen by the deserting soldiers of Scott's army, of the rise of industrialism as seen by the young women in the Lowell textile mills, of the Spanish-American war as seen by the Cubans, the conquest of the Philippines as seen by black soldiers on Luzon, the Gilded Age as seen by southern farmers, the First World War as seen by socialists, the Second World War as seen by pacifists, the New Deal as seen by blacks in Harlem, the postwar American empire as seen by peons in Latin America. And so on, to the limited extent that any one person, however he or she strains, can "see" history from the standpoint of others.
My point is not to grieve for the victims and denounce the executioners. Those tears, that anger, cast into the past, deplete our moral energy for the present. And the lines are not always clear. In the long run, the oppressor is also a victim. In the short run (and so far, human history has consisted only of short runs), the victims, themselves desperate and tainted with the culture that oppresses them, turn on other victims.
Still, understanding the complexities, this book will be skeptical of governments and their attempts, through politics and culture, to ensnare ordinary people in a giant web of nationhood pretending to a common interest. I will try not to overlook the cruelties that victims inflict on one another as they are jammed together in the boxcars of the system. I don't want to romanticize them. But I do remember (in rough paraphrase) a statement I once read: "The cry of the poor is not always just, but if you don't listen to it, you will never know what justice is..."
"... Thus, in that inevitable taking of sides which comes from selection and emphasis in history, I prefer to try to tell the story of the discovery of America from the viewpoint of the Arawaks, of the Constitution from the standpoint of the slaves, of Andrew Jackson as seen by the Cherokees, of the Civil War as seen by the New York Irish, of the Mexican war as seen by the deserting soldiers of Scott's army, of the rise of industrialism as seen by the young women in the Lowell textile mills, of the Spanish-American war as seen by the Cubans, the conquest of the Philippines as seen by black soldiers on Luzon, the Gilded Age as seen by southern farmers, the First World War as seen by socialists, the Second World War as seen by pacifists, the New Deal as seen by blacks in Harlem, the postwar American empire as seen by peons in Latin America. And so on, to the limited extent that any one person, however he or she strains, can "see" history from the standpoint of others.
My point is not to grieve for the victims and denounce the executioners. Those tears, that anger, cast into the past, deplete our moral energy for the present. And the lines are not always clear. In the long run, the oppressor is also a victim. In the short run (and so far, human history has consisted only of short runs), the victims, themselves desperate and tainted with the culture that oppresses them, turn on other victims.
Still, understanding the complexities, this book will be skeptical of governments and their attempts, through politics and culture, to ensnare ordinary people in a giant web of nationhood pretending to a common interest. I will try not to overlook the cruelties that victims inflict on one another as they are jammed together in the boxcars of the system. I don't want to romanticize them. But I do remember (in rough paraphrase) a statement I once read: "The cry of the poor is not always just, but if you don't listen to it, you will never know what justice is..."

Larry Schweikart, A Patriot's History of the United States
... In Democracy in America, the brilliant French observer Alexis de Tocqueville predicted that a highly refined culture was unlikely to evolve in America, largely because of its “lowly” colonial origins. The “intermingling of classes and constant rising and sinking” of individuals in an egalitarian society, Tocqueville wrote, had a detrimental effect on the arts: painting, literature, music, theater, and education. In place of high or refined mores, Tocqueville concluded, Americans had built a democratic culture that was highly accessible but ultimately lacking in the brilliance that characterized European art forms.
Certainly, some colonial Americans tried to emulate Europe, particularly when it came to creating institutions of higher learning. Harvard College, founded in 1636, was followed by William and Mary (1693), Yale (1701), Princeton (1746), the College of Philadelphia (University of Pennsylvania) (1740), and—between 1764 and 1769—King’s College (Columbia), Brown, Queen’s College (Rutgers), and Dartmouth. Yet from the beginning, these schools differed sharply from their European progenitors in that they were founded by a variety of Protestant sects, not a state church, and though tied to religious denominations, they were nevertheless relatively secular. Harvard, for example, was founded to train clergy, and yet by the end of the colonial era only a quarter of its graduates became ministers; the rest pursued careers in business, law, medicine, politics, and teaching. A few schools, such as the College of New Jersey (later Princeton), led by the Reverend John Witherspoon, bucked the trend: Witherspoon transformed Princeton into a campus much more oriented toward religious and moral philosophy, all the while charging it with a powerful revolutionary fervor..."
... In Democracy in America, the brilliant French observer Alexis de Tocqueville predicted that a highly refined culture was unlikely to evolve in America, largely because of its “lowly” colonial origins. The “intermingling of classes and constant rising and sinking” of individuals in an egalitarian society, Tocqueville wrote, had a detrimental effect on the arts: painting, literature, music, theater, and education. In place of high or refined mores, Tocqueville concluded, Americans had built a democratic culture that was highly accessible but ultimately lacking in the brilliance that characterized European art forms.
Certainly, some colonial Americans tried to emulate Europe, particularly when it came to creating institutions of higher learning. Harvard College, founded in 1636, was followed by William and Mary (1693), Yale (1701), Princeton (1746), the College of Philadelphia (University of Pennsylvania) (1740), and—between 1764 and 1769—King’s College (Columbia), Brown, Queen’s College (Rutgers), and Dartmouth. Yet from the beginning, these schools differed sharply from their European progenitors in that they were founded by a variety of Protestant sects, not a state church, and though tied to religious denominations, they were nevertheless relatively secular. Harvard, for example, was founded to train clergy, and yet by the end of the colonial era only a quarter of its graduates became ministers; the rest pursued careers in business, law, medicine, politics, and teaching. A few schools, such as the College of New Jersey (later Princeton), led by the Reverend John Witherspoon, bucked the trend: Witherspoon transformed Princeton into a campus much more oriented toward religious and moral philosophy, all the while charging it with a powerful revolutionary fervor..."

Thaddeus Russell, A Renegade History of the United States
"... While it is undeniably true that the civil rights and black nationalist organizations inspired great numbers of African Americans with visions of black uplift, movement leaders did not succeed in creating a mass commitment to the responsibilities and sacrifices necessary for revolution or for citizenship. The aversion to communal obligation was far greater among the black working class than among whites. As W. E. B. DuBois, Langston Hughes, James Baldwin, and more recent scholars such as Robin D. G. Kelley, David Roediger, Saidiya Hartman, and Roderick Ferguson have suggested, the relatively liberated character of black American culture might very well have been the result of the fact that for most if not all of their history, African Americans have been to some degree excluded from citizenship and therefore far less likely to internalize its repression. It is certainly arguable that having created a culture of freedom out of slavery, segregation, and compulsory labor, when citizenship appeared attainable in the post–World War II period, the black working class demonstrated an unwillingness to relinquish the pleasures of that culture in exchange for their rights. As scholars have moved away from studies of black leaders and toward an examination of African American working-class culture, evidence of this resistance has mounted.
Draft evasion as well as insubordination against commanding officers in the military remained far greater among African Americans than among whites from the two world wars through the Korean and Vietnam wars. During World War I, the only black combat division in the American Expeditionary Force frequently ran away during battles, resulting in the removal of the entire division from the front. There is also substantial anecdotal evidence that during both world wars, large numbers of black men feigned illness or insanity to evade the draft. We have seen that during World War II, black men were more likely than whites to evade the draft. Similarly, historian Gerald Gill has found that draft law delinquency during the Korean War was extraordinarily high in black urban neighborhoods. In the early months of the war, it was estimated that 30 percent of eligible men in Harlem were delinquent in registering. At the national level, approximately 20 percent of those arrested for violating the Selective Service Act from 1951 through 1953 were African American. Black resistance to patriotic obligation peaked during the Vietnam War, when African Americans made up fully one-half of the eligible men who failed to register for the draft..."
"... While it is undeniably true that the civil rights and black nationalist organizations inspired great numbers of African Americans with visions of black uplift, movement leaders did not succeed in creating a mass commitment to the responsibilities and sacrifices necessary for revolution or for citizenship. The aversion to communal obligation was far greater among the black working class than among whites. As W. E. B. DuBois, Langston Hughes, James Baldwin, and more recent scholars such as Robin D. G. Kelley, David Roediger, Saidiya Hartman, and Roderick Ferguson have suggested, the relatively liberated character of black American culture might very well have been the result of the fact that for most if not all of their history, African Americans have been to some degree excluded from citizenship and therefore far less likely to internalize its repression. It is certainly arguable that having created a culture of freedom out of slavery, segregation, and compulsory labor, when citizenship appeared attainable in the post–World War II period, the black working class demonstrated an unwillingness to relinquish the pleasures of that culture in exchange for their rights. As scholars have moved away from studies of black leaders and toward an examination of African American working-class culture, evidence of this resistance has mounted.
Draft evasion as well as insubordination against commanding officers in the military remained far greater among African Americans than among whites from the two world wars through the Korean and Vietnam wars. During World War I, the only black combat division in the American Expeditionary Force frequently ran away during battles, resulting in the removal of the entire division from the front. There is also substantial anecdotal evidence that during both world wars, large numbers of black men feigned illness or insanity to evade the draft. We have seen that during World War II, black men were more likely than whites to evade the draft. Similarly, historian Gerald Gill has found that draft law delinquency during the Korean War was extraordinarily high in black urban neighborhoods. In the early months of the war, it was estimated that 30 percent of eligible men in Harlem were delinquent in registering. At the national level, approximately 20 percent of those arrested for violating the Selective Service Act from 1951 through 1953 were African American. Black resistance to patriotic obligation peaked during the Vietnam War, when African Americans made up fully one-half of the eligible men who failed to register for the draft..."
Welcome to the wild ride that is the saga of Western civilization post-1500 CE, where humanity's absurd antics play out like a Shakespearean comedy with extra wit and a touch of tragedy. Get ready for a journey through the history books that's part amusement park thrill, part biting wit, and a sprinkle of pondering the meaning of it all.
Imagine yourself in the 16th century, smack dab in the middle of Europe's Renaissance, when creativity and intellect flourished like a Renaissance fair on steroids. Meanwhile, across the ocean, Christopher Columbus decides to crash the party, kickstarting Europe's grand tour of colonizing the Americas. Because, you know, what screams "cultural exchange" better than wiping out indigenous populations and imposing European norms faster than you can say "manifest destiny"?
Jump ahead to the 17th century, when Europe had a scientific revolution, like many nerds who stumbled upon the ultimate cheat code for reality. But why stop advancing knowledge when you can also advance the fine art of war? Enter the Thirty Years' War, disrupting European society like a frat party.
Meanwhile, in the Americas, colonization is picking up speed faster than you can say "gentrification." English colonies pop up like Starbucks, and oh look, here comes the transatlantic slave trade because who doesn't love a little forced migration among friends?
Let's swing into the 18th century when Europe was all about reason, individualism, and secularism—the Enlightenment, baby! Political revolutions were all the rage, with the American and French Revolutions leading the pack. But wait, there's more! Industrialization arrived to transform economies and societies, like a wrecking ball smashing through tradition.
Across the pond, the United States is born, waving the flag of democracy and liberty while conveniently forgetting about that whole "displacing Native American populations" thing. Movements for abolition and women's rights have started gaining traction, but let's not break out the champagne just yet.
Fast forward to the 19th century, when nationalism was spreading in Europe like a nasty rash of identity crises that had gone global. Imperialism is all the rage because, apparently, one continent just isn't enough. Meanwhile, in the land of the free, the United States is expanding westward, pushing Native Americans further into the margins. Sure, we abolish slavery, but racial segregation? That's the gift that keeps on giving.
Zoom ahead to the 20th century, where Europe decides to throw not one but two world wars, reshaping global politics like a game of Risk played by lunatics. The Cold War divided the continent into East and West faster than you can say "iron curtain." Meanwhile, in the Americas, civil rights movements are shaking things up, challenging racial segregation like a toddler throwing a tantrum in a fancy restaurant. And let's not forget the counterculture of the '60s, promoting social change and individual expression – because nothing screams "revolution" like tie-dye and free love.
But why stop there? Let's talk about today, where we're all just trying to untangle this mess. Howard Zinn's approach reminds us that history isn't just about kings and queens – it's about the little guys trampled under their fancy carriages. Larry Schweikart's perspective reminds us that a trail of tears is left behind for every triumph. And Thaddeus Russell? He reminds us that history is like a choose-your-own-adventure book; sometimes, the juiciest stories come from the margins.
THE RUNDOWN
QUESTIONS
Imagine yourself in the 16th century, smack dab in the middle of Europe's Renaissance, when creativity and intellect flourished like a Renaissance fair on steroids. Meanwhile, across the ocean, Christopher Columbus decides to crash the party, kickstarting Europe's grand tour of colonizing the Americas. Because, you know, what screams "cultural exchange" better than wiping out indigenous populations and imposing European norms faster than you can say "manifest destiny"?
Jump ahead to the 17th century, when Europe had a scientific revolution, like many nerds who stumbled upon the ultimate cheat code for reality. But why stop advancing knowledge when you can also advance the fine art of war? Enter the Thirty Years' War, disrupting European society like a frat party.
Meanwhile, in the Americas, colonization is picking up speed faster than you can say "gentrification." English colonies pop up like Starbucks, and oh look, here comes the transatlantic slave trade because who doesn't love a little forced migration among friends?
Let's swing into the 18th century when Europe was all about reason, individualism, and secularism—the Enlightenment, baby! Political revolutions were all the rage, with the American and French Revolutions leading the pack. But wait, there's more! Industrialization arrived to transform economies and societies, like a wrecking ball smashing through tradition.
Across the pond, the United States is born, waving the flag of democracy and liberty while conveniently forgetting about that whole "displacing Native American populations" thing. Movements for abolition and women's rights have started gaining traction, but let's not break out the champagne just yet.
Fast forward to the 19th century, when nationalism was spreading in Europe like a nasty rash of identity crises that had gone global. Imperialism is all the rage because, apparently, one continent just isn't enough. Meanwhile, in the land of the free, the United States is expanding westward, pushing Native Americans further into the margins. Sure, we abolish slavery, but racial segregation? That's the gift that keeps on giving.
Zoom ahead to the 20th century, where Europe decides to throw not one but two world wars, reshaping global politics like a game of Risk played by lunatics. The Cold War divided the continent into East and West faster than you can say "iron curtain." Meanwhile, in the Americas, civil rights movements are shaking things up, challenging racial segregation like a toddler throwing a tantrum in a fancy restaurant. And let's not forget the counterculture of the '60s, promoting social change and individual expression – because nothing screams "revolution" like tie-dye and free love.
But why stop there? Let's talk about today, where we're all just trying to untangle this mess. Howard Zinn's approach reminds us that history isn't just about kings and queens – it's about the little guys trampled under their fancy carriages. Larry Schweikart's perspective reminds us that a trail of tears is left behind for every triumph. And Thaddeus Russell? He reminds us that history is like a choose-your-own-adventure book; sometimes, the juiciest stories come from the margins.
THE RUNDOWN
- The critique of excessive military spending in the U.S., rooted in the Great Depression, advocated for peace and nonviolent solutions amidst economic turmoil.
- Massive government spending and the establishment of agencies like the War Production Board highlighted World War II's economic and bureaucratic aspects.
- Dissenting voices challenging the narrative of unanimous support for the war emerged, showcasing tensions between patriotism and critique, exemplified by events like the Zoot Suit Riots and the internment of Japanese Americans.
- Studying these perspectives in contemporary times fosters a critical understanding of war's societal impacts, prompting reflection on enduring legacies and contemporary issues.
- Advantages include fostering empathy and critical thinking, while potential detriments lie in challenging established narratives and confronting moral ambiguities.
- Ultimately, exploring diverse viewpoints enriches historical understanding, upholding the legacy of dissent and democratic principles.
QUESTIONS
- What was the Renaissance, and how did it change Europe? What were some important things that happened during this time?
- Why did some people break away from the Catholic Church during the Protestant Reformation? How did this affect Europe?
- How did European colonization impact Native American cultures and lead to the slave trade?
Prepare to be transported into the captivating realm of historical films and videos. Brace yourselves for a mind-bending odyssey through time as we embark on a cinematic expedition. Within these flickering frames, the past morphs into a vivid tapestry of triumphs, tragedies, and transformative moments that have shaped the very fabric of our existence. We shall immerse ourselves in a whirlwind of visual narratives, dissecting the nuances of artistic interpretations, examining the storytelling techniques, and voraciously devouring historical accuracy with the ferocity of a time-traveling historian. So strap in, hold tight, and prepare to have your perception of history forever shattered by the mesmerizing lens of the camera.
THE RUNDOWN
In the closing decades of the 19th century, a subtle yet profound shift unfolded—not the tumultuous upheaval of rebellions and barricades, but a quieter revolution propelled by the machinery of the Industrial Age and the burgeoning enthusiasm for sports. Women, confined for too long to the margins of societal expectation, seized the opportunity to gear up and join the game themselves. With factories churning out textiles and sporting equipment, items like tennis rackets, fencing swords, and bicycles ceased to be exclusive to men, becoming tools for women to break free from the constricting corsets of tradition. This was a societal change of immense significance, marking a new era of gender equality in sports.
Yet, progress was not without resistance. For every woman embracing a racket or pedaling a bike, there were scores of pearl-clutching critics, often men and some women, lamenting the erosion of feminine delicacy and expressing concerns about the physical and moral implications of women's participation in sports. Despite such opposition, women persisted. From historically Black colleges to the prestigious courts of Wimbledon, they defied norms and shattered stereotypes with each swing and thrust. Their journey was a testament to their resilience and a beacon of hope, reminding us that the pursuit of equality is an ongoing endeavor, where victory is shared, and progress is earned step by determine.
In the closing decades of the 19th century, a subtle yet profound shift unfolded—not the tumultuous upheaval of rebellions and barricades, but a quieter revolution propelled by the machinery of the Industrial Age and the burgeoning enthusiasm for sports. Women, confined for too long to the margins of societal expectation, seized the opportunity to gear up and join the game themselves. With factories churning out textiles and sporting equipment, items like tennis rackets, fencing swords, and bicycles ceased to be exclusive to men, becoming tools for women to break free from the constricting corsets of tradition. This was a societal change of immense significance, marking a new era of gender equality in sports.
Yet, progress was not without resistance. For every woman embracing a racket or pedaling a bike, there were scores of pearl-clutching critics, often men and some women, lamenting the erosion of feminine delicacy and expressing concerns about the physical and moral implications of women's participation in sports. Despite such opposition, women persisted. From historically Black colleges to the prestigious courts of Wimbledon, they defied norms and shattered stereotypes with each swing and thrust. Their journey was a testament to their resilience and a beacon of hope, reminding us that the pursuit of equality is an ongoing endeavor, where victory is shared, and progress is earned step by determine.
Welcome to the mind-bending Key Terms extravaganza of our history class learning module. Brace yourselves; we will unravel the cryptic codes, secret handshakes, and linguistic labyrinths that make up the twisted tapestry of historical knowledge. These key terms are the Rosetta Stones of our academic journey, the skeleton keys to unlocking the enigmatic doors of comprehension. They're like historical Swiss Army knives, equipped with blades of definition and corkscrews of contextual examples, ready to pierce through the fog of confusion and liberate your intellectual curiosity. By harnessing the power of these mighty key terms, you'll possess the superhuman ability to traverse the treacherous terrains of primary sources, surf the tumultuous waves of academic texts, and engage in epic battles of historical debate. The past awaits, and the key terms are keys to unlocking its dazzling secrets.
KEY TERMS
KEY TERMS
- 1604 CE - Shakespeare's "Othello"
- 1626 CE - St. Peter's Basilica
- 1675 CE - St. Paul's Cathedral
- 1675 CE - Royal Greenwich Observatory
- 1742 CE - Handel's "Messiah"
- 1799 CE- George Washington’s Funeral Procession
- 1821 CE - Johann Wolfgang von Goethe's "Faust Part One"
- 1875 CE - Bizet's "Carmen"
- 1886 CE - Statue of Liberty
- 1889 CE - Eiffel Tower
- 1895 CE - the Lumière Brothers
- 1903 CE - Tour de France
- 1904 CE - FIFA
- 1931 CE - Empire State Building
- 1943 CE - Rodgers and Hammerstein's "Oklahoma!"
- 1950 CE - Formula One World Championship race
- 1958 CE - Leonard Bernstein's "West Side Story"
- 1961 CE - the Berlin Wall
- 1972 CE - Munich Olympic Games Hostage Crisis
- 1989 CE - the Louvre Pyramid
DISCLAIMER: Welcome scholars to the wild and wacky world of history class. This isn't your granddaddy's boring ol' lecture, baby. We will take a trip through time, which will be one wild ride. I know some of you are in a brick-and-mortar setting, while others are in the vast digital wasteland. But fear not; we're all in this together. Online students might miss out on some in-person interaction, but you can still join in on the fun. This little shindig aims to get you all engaged with the course material and understand how past societies have shaped the world we know today. We'll talk about revolutions, wars, and other crazy stuff. So get ready, kids, because it's going to be one heck of a trip. And for all, you online students out there, don't be shy. Please share your thoughts and ideas with the rest of us. The Professor will do his best to give everyone an equal opportunity to learn, so don't hold back. So, let's do this thing!
Activity #1: UNDER CONSTRUCTION
Activity #2: UNDER CONSTRUCTION
Activity #1: UNDER CONSTRUCTION
Activity #2: UNDER CONSTRUCTION
Ladies and gentlemen, gather 'round for the pièce de résistance of this classroom module - the summary section. As we embark on this tantalizing journey, we'll savor the exquisite flavors of knowledge, highlighting the fundamental ingredients and spices that have seasoned our minds throughout these captivating lessons. Prepare to indulge in a savory recap that will leave your intellectual taste buds tingling, serving as a passport to further enlightenment.
The Renaissance, a period when people rediscovered ancient knowledge and engaged in intellectual pursuits, not only gave us masterpieces like da Vinci's and Shakespeare's works, but also set the stage for a new era of intellectualism. This period, often associated with highbrow snobbery, was a turning point in human history.
Then came the Enlightenment, a period of intellectual and philosophical Enlightenment, where reason was king, and skepticism was all the rage. Liberty, equality, and progress were the talk of the town, but this era also saw the rise of colonialism, with nations expanding their territories in the name of 'civilizing' the uncivilized.
And who can forget the Industrial Revolution? That's when machines roared to life, cities burst at the seams, and capitalism became the name of the game. It boosted the living standards for a lucky few, but it also led to harsh working conditions and child labor, turning people into mere cogs in a soul-sucking machine.
The 20th century was marked by the World Wars, global conflicts that left a trail of devastation and trauma. However, these wars also led to the formation of the United Nations, a significant step towards global diplomacy and peacekeeping.
From the Beat Generation to the Civil Rights Movement, cultural icons have played a pivotal role in shaping history. They were not just passive observers, but active participants who challenged the status quo, fought against oppression, and paved the way for the ongoing battles for equality and justice.
So why bother delving into these historical rollercoasters? Besides being more captivating than the latest binge-worthy series on Netflix, they're like a crash course in understanding why the world is as wonky as it is. They're the messy blueprints of human existence, teaching us to dissect modern issues and sharpen our critical thinking skills. By understanding history, we can better navigate the complexities of our world and contribute to its future.
But let's not sugarcoat it: historians love to bicker over interpretations like seagulls squabbling over a lone french fry, and the ethical quagmire of commemorating atrocities is a whole other can of worms.
The bottom line? Humanity's a hot mess, no doubt about it. But studying these historical shenanigans gives us a ringside view of the wild circus we call civilization.
Or, in others words:
Then came the Enlightenment, a period of intellectual and philosophical Enlightenment, where reason was king, and skepticism was all the rage. Liberty, equality, and progress were the talk of the town, but this era also saw the rise of colonialism, with nations expanding their territories in the name of 'civilizing' the uncivilized.
And who can forget the Industrial Revolution? That's when machines roared to life, cities burst at the seams, and capitalism became the name of the game. It boosted the living standards for a lucky few, but it also led to harsh working conditions and child labor, turning people into mere cogs in a soul-sucking machine.
The 20th century was marked by the World Wars, global conflicts that left a trail of devastation and trauma. However, these wars also led to the formation of the United Nations, a significant step towards global diplomacy and peacekeeping.
From the Beat Generation to the Civil Rights Movement, cultural icons have played a pivotal role in shaping history. They were not just passive observers, but active participants who challenged the status quo, fought against oppression, and paved the way for the ongoing battles for equality and justice.
So why bother delving into these historical rollercoasters? Besides being more captivating than the latest binge-worthy series on Netflix, they're like a crash course in understanding why the world is as wonky as it is. They're the messy blueprints of human existence, teaching us to dissect modern issues and sharpen our critical thinking skills. By understanding history, we can better navigate the complexities of our world and contribute to its future.
But let's not sugarcoat it: historians love to bicker over interpretations like seagulls squabbling over a lone french fry, and the ethical quagmire of commemorating atrocities is a whole other can of worms.
The bottom line? Humanity's a hot mess, no doubt about it. But studying these historical shenanigans gives us a ringside view of the wild circus we call civilization.
Or, in others words:
- The Renaissance brought back old ideas and made cool new art and stuff.
- The Enlightenment was about smart thinking and being fair to everyone.
- Factories made things faster during the Industrial Revolution, but they also made some people's lives hard.
- World Wars I and II were big fights that changed how countries work together and treat people.
- People like the Beat Generation and Civil Rights Movement tried to make things better by saying what they believed.
- It's important to learn about these events 'cause they help us understand why things are the way they are today.
ASSIGNMENTS
Remember all assignments, tests and quizzes must be submitted official via BLACKBOARD
Forum Discussion #10
- Forum Discussion #10
- Quiz #3
Remember all assignments, tests and quizzes must be submitted official via BLACKBOARD
Forum Discussion #10
TED Talks on YouTube feature influential speakers delivering powerful and thought-provoking presentations on a wide range of topics, captivating audiences with ideas worth spreading. Watch the following:
Please answer the following question:
How has the evolution of sports in Western civilization reflected broader social, cultural, and political changes throughout history? Discuss specific examples of how sports have both mirrored and influenced societal norms, values, and power dynamics over time.
Need help? Remember the Discussion Board Rubric.
THE RUNDOWN
Let me outline the vibrant world of sports—a place where adults pursue balls like they're hunting for camaraderie, and the aspirations of millions are intertwined with every match. It's a spectacle where people don face paint, shout at referees, and either endure the heartbreak of defeat or revel in the joy of victory. But beneath the surface, sports are a hub of unity, a school of life lessons that teach resilience, teamwork, and the thrill of triumph. In a world where traditional notions of unity wane, sports stand tall as a fortress, shaping leaders and defying expectations. So let's treasure the memories woven on the field, for in life's challenging game, sports serve as a constant reminder that victory is within our grasp as long as we keep pushing forward together. Strap on your sneakers, my friends, and let's confront life's chaos head-on, one game at a time because it's not about winning or losing—it's about how we play the game, and life's game is a journey of unity.
How has the evolution of sports in Western civilization reflected broader social, cultural, and political changes throughout history? Discuss specific examples of how sports have both mirrored and influenced societal norms, values, and power dynamics over time.
Need help? Remember the Discussion Board Rubric.
THE RUNDOWN
Let me outline the vibrant world of sports—a place where adults pursue balls like they're hunting for camaraderie, and the aspirations of millions are intertwined with every match. It's a spectacle where people don face paint, shout at referees, and either endure the heartbreak of defeat or revel in the joy of victory. But beneath the surface, sports are a hub of unity, a school of life lessons that teach resilience, teamwork, and the thrill of triumph. In a world where traditional notions of unity wane, sports stand tall as a fortress, shaping leaders and defying expectations. So let's treasure the memories woven on the field, for in life's challenging game, sports serve as a constant reminder that victory is within our grasp as long as we keep pushing forward together. Strap on your sneakers, my friends, and let's confront life's chaos head-on, one game at a time because it's not about winning or losing—it's about how we play the game, and life's game is a journey of unity.
Hey, welcome to the work cited section! Here's where you'll find all the heavy hitters that inspired the content you've just consumed. Some might think citations are as dull as unbuttered toast, but nothing gets my intellectual juices flowing like a good reference list. Don't get me wrong, just because we've cited a source; doesn't mean we're always going to see eye-to-eye. But that's the beauty of it - it's up to you to chew on the material and come to conclusions. Listen, we've gone to great lengths to ensure these citations are accurate, but let's face it, we're all human. So, give us a holler if you notice any mistakes or suggest more sources. We're always looking to up our game. Ultimately, it's all about pursuing knowledge and truth.
Work Cited:
Work Cited:
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