HST 202 Module #1
All New; All Different (1877 CE - 1889 CE)
The years betwixt 1877 and 1889 bore profound significance in the annals of American history. Within this temporal cradle, a plethora of meaningful transformations unfolded, reshaping the nation's political landscape, societal fabric, and economic underpinnings. It marked the culmination of the Reconstruction era, the meteoric rise of burgeoning industries, the valiant struggles for civil rights, and the advent of novel cultural movements. Comprehending this time is imperative, for it imparts insight into the crucibles and metamorphoses that have indelibly etched the contours of the United States. It left an indelible mark on the nation's politics, society, and economy.
Foremost among the watershed moments during this era was the outcome of Reconstruction in 1877. With the withdrawal of federal troops from the South, the Southern states enacted unjust laws that imposed a divisive racial dichotomy. These infamous Jim Crow laws negated the hard-won civil rights secured during Reconstruction. The Compromise of 1877, which resolved the dispute surrounding the presidential election 1876, effectively dismantled the safeguarding of African Americans by federal authorities. This heralded the onset of an interminable era rife with racial discrimination and flagrant inequity.
In the waning decades of the 19th century, the United States burgeoned into a formidable economic powerhouse courtesy of the headlong rush of industrialization. The relentless growth of sectors such as steel, oil, and railroads engendered an economic expansion of unparalleled magnitude. Nevertheless, this time witnessed the rise of colossal corporate entities monopolizing entire industries. These behemoths, known as trusts, exhibited a disregard for the welfare of their workers, precipitating social malaise and discontent. This resentment galvanized the populace, birthing protests and labor movements epitomized by the Great Railroad Strike of 1877 and the formation of the Knights of Labor.
The arduous struggle for civil rights emerged as a defining concern during this bygone era. African Americans, beleaguered by pernicious mistreatment, coalesced into groups such as the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People. Eminent leaders such as Booker T. Washington and W E B Du Bois ascended the stage, commanding the spotlight of progress. However, the Supreme Court's 1883 pronouncement, famously referred to as the Civil Rights Cases, imposed formidable obstacles to enforcing the Civil Rights Act of 1875. This lamentable verdict engendered the perpetuation of racial segregation, setting a disheartening precedent for discrimination to prevail.
In the concluding decades of the 19th century, they witnessed a profusion of cultural movements that indelibly imprinted their essence upon American society. The Gilded Age, characterized by ostentatious displays of luxury, social disparities, and endemic corruption, laid bare the excesses that plagued the era, underscoring a surfeit of extravagance and societal inequity. Concurrently, a literary movement known as realism gained traction, spearheaded by luminaries like Mark Twain. Realism afforded society a discerning lens to scrutinize the time's social and political predicaments.
The exponential economic growth and industrialization catapulted the United States into the vanguard of the global economic order.
The efforts of civil rights groups and their stalwart leaders ushered in incremental strides toward racial equality. The incisive cultural movements precipitated critical introspection, generating heightened awareness of social predicaments and a hunger for change.
The demise of Reconstruction engendered an enduring time characterized by racial segregation and abject discrimination.
While a harbinger of progress, industrialization spawned oppressive working conditions and gross wage disparities, exacerbating societal inequality. With its attendant moral decadence and yawning chasm between the haves and have-nots, the Gilded Age laid bare the treachery of some and the yawning inequities that marred the era.
The interregnum stretching from 1877 to 1889 looms indomitably large in the crucible of American history. It bore witness to the outcome of Reconstruction, the surge of industries, the relentless struggle for civil rights, and the blossoming of cultural movements. Comprehending this time unfurls an illuminating panorama of how American society, politics, and the economy were indelibly shaped. By scrutinizing this era's positive and negative manifestations, we may glean invaluable insights, galvanizing us to transcend the limitations of the past and strive for an inclusive society that embraces equity and justice for all.
Works Cited:
Foner, Eric. "Reconstruction: America's Unfinished Revolution, 1863-1877." Harper & Row, 1988.
Hofstadter, Richard. "The Age of Reform: From Bryan to FDR" Vintage Books, 1955.
Painter, Nell Irvin. "The Narrative of Reconstruction." Oxford University Press, 2003.
Zinn, Howard. "A People's History of the United States." Harper Perennial, 2005.
The years betwixt 1877 and 1889 bore profound significance in the annals of American history. Within this temporal cradle, a plethora of meaningful transformations unfolded, reshaping the nation's political landscape, societal fabric, and economic underpinnings. It marked the culmination of the Reconstruction era, the meteoric rise of burgeoning industries, the valiant struggles for civil rights, and the advent of novel cultural movements. Comprehending this time is imperative, for it imparts insight into the crucibles and metamorphoses that have indelibly etched the contours of the United States. It left an indelible mark on the nation's politics, society, and economy.
Foremost among the watershed moments during this era was the outcome of Reconstruction in 1877. With the withdrawal of federal troops from the South, the Southern states enacted unjust laws that imposed a divisive racial dichotomy. These infamous Jim Crow laws negated the hard-won civil rights secured during Reconstruction. The Compromise of 1877, which resolved the dispute surrounding the presidential election 1876, effectively dismantled the safeguarding of African Americans by federal authorities. This heralded the onset of an interminable era rife with racial discrimination and flagrant inequity.
In the waning decades of the 19th century, the United States burgeoned into a formidable economic powerhouse courtesy of the headlong rush of industrialization. The relentless growth of sectors such as steel, oil, and railroads engendered an economic expansion of unparalleled magnitude. Nevertheless, this time witnessed the rise of colossal corporate entities monopolizing entire industries. These behemoths, known as trusts, exhibited a disregard for the welfare of their workers, precipitating social malaise and discontent. This resentment galvanized the populace, birthing protests and labor movements epitomized by the Great Railroad Strike of 1877 and the formation of the Knights of Labor.
The arduous struggle for civil rights emerged as a defining concern during this bygone era. African Americans, beleaguered by pernicious mistreatment, coalesced into groups such as the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People. Eminent leaders such as Booker T. Washington and W E B Du Bois ascended the stage, commanding the spotlight of progress. However, the Supreme Court's 1883 pronouncement, famously referred to as the Civil Rights Cases, imposed formidable obstacles to enforcing the Civil Rights Act of 1875. This lamentable verdict engendered the perpetuation of racial segregation, setting a disheartening precedent for discrimination to prevail.
In the concluding decades of the 19th century, they witnessed a profusion of cultural movements that indelibly imprinted their essence upon American society. The Gilded Age, characterized by ostentatious displays of luxury, social disparities, and endemic corruption, laid bare the excesses that plagued the era, underscoring a surfeit of extravagance and societal inequity. Concurrently, a literary movement known as realism gained traction, spearheaded by luminaries like Mark Twain. Realism afforded society a discerning lens to scrutinize the time's social and political predicaments.
The exponential economic growth and industrialization catapulted the United States into the vanguard of the global economic order.
The efforts of civil rights groups and their stalwart leaders ushered in incremental strides toward racial equality. The incisive cultural movements precipitated critical introspection, generating heightened awareness of social predicaments and a hunger for change.
The demise of Reconstruction engendered an enduring time characterized by racial segregation and abject discrimination.
While a harbinger of progress, industrialization spawned oppressive working conditions and gross wage disparities, exacerbating societal inequality. With its attendant moral decadence and yawning chasm between the haves and have-nots, the Gilded Age laid bare the treachery of some and the yawning inequities that marred the era.
The interregnum stretching from 1877 to 1889 looms indomitably large in the crucible of American history. It bore witness to the outcome of Reconstruction, the surge of industries, the relentless struggle for civil rights, and the blossoming of cultural movements. Comprehending this time unfurls an illuminating panorama of how American society, politics, and the economy were indelibly shaped. By scrutinizing this era's positive and negative manifestations, we may glean invaluable insights, galvanizing us to transcend the limitations of the past and strive for an inclusive society that embraces equity and justice for all.
Works Cited:
Foner, Eric. "Reconstruction: America's Unfinished Revolution, 1863-1877." Harper & Row, 1988.
Hofstadter, Richard. "The Age of Reform: From Bryan to FDR" Vintage Books, 1955.
Painter, Nell Irvin. "The Narrative of Reconstruction." Oxford University Press, 2003.
Zinn, Howard. "A People's History of the United States." Harper Perennial, 2005.
#1 Historians are Detectives
We need to mention rule #1 for understanding history: Historians are detectives. Much like Batman or Sherlock Holmes, historian look at the crime scene (in this case, the historical event) look for clues (in this case, books or archaeological sites), interview witnesses (in this case, secondary or primary sources) and interpret the findings to determine what happened. Much like an actual crime scene, the investigator must rely on what they have in front of them. Missing pieces always happen, but it's the goal of the historian to fill in the blank spaces with what his or her 'gut" tells them. Or they go to their utility belt of previous knowledge to help determine the most likely outcomes. This becomes rather difficult the further we get from the time frame of the crime, or what is referred to as a "cold case." Scents get thrown off; memory gets muddled. The picture becomes murkier as time slips from our grasp.
In a 2022 Observer article, writer Rory Carroll dives into Irish historian Tom Reilly. Reilly has been ridiculed, condemned, and strong-armed with death for waging a one-person crusade to rehabilitate Oliver Cromwell, the most prominent evildoer in Ireland's history. He has spent three decades trying to persuade his companions that Oliver Cromwell, the 17th-century English conqueror, was moral, honorable, and not a murderer. For those uninitiated, Cromwell was an English politician and military officer widely considered one of the most crucial politicians in English history. He came to stature during the 1640s, first as a senior army commander and then as a politician. Cromwell stays extremely contentious in Britain and Ireland due to his use of the military first to obtain, then maintain, political power and the savagery of his 1649 Irish campaign.
The lengthy, bloodstained method of occupying Ireland generated – directly or indirectly – the demises of such a vast section of the population that the word 'genocide' has even been used. It altered the course of history, leading to stormy ties with England for centuries. Reilly, who has spent 30 years reviewing primary sources, does not deny the widespread bloodshed or infamous components. Nevertheless, he says Cromwell's troops spared civilians and exterminated solely enemy combatants – some in battle, most after they had yielded, a cruel policy but in keeping with the era's code of war. Reilly says Irish history books conflate executed soldiers with "inhabitants," suggesting they were civilians.
Where does he come from with this authority? A lot of detective work is implicated in this century-year-old cold case. Pulling on new material and salvaged original texts, Reilly can re-establish Cromwell's (what he calls) "authentic voice." Is he wrong? Is he right? That is not the pertinent question here. What we should be asking is, does he have enough evidence to create a case? Why do I mention this? Remember that as we dive into the world of "pre-history" we don't have all the answers, and never will.
Comparisons between historians and detectives are not unfounded. The work of both professions requires sifting through fragments of information to construct a coherent and truthful narrative. Historians, just like detectives, are tasked with examining past events, interpreting the clues that remain, and weaving them together to create a rich tapestry of history. But the task of the historian goes beyond mere fact-finding. Instead, it involves interpreting and analyzing evidence to understand the complexities of human experience. History is not simply a collection of dates and names; it is a story of people and their struggles, triumphs, and tragedies. A skilled historian can excavate the hidden stories of those silenced or ignored by dominant narratives, revealing the nuances of history that are often overlooked.
In our current world, where misinformation and half-truths run rampant, studying history in this way is more critical than ever. Only by understanding the past can we comprehend the present and shape the future. As Howard Zinn famously noted, "You can't be neutral on a moving train." By studying history critically, we can recognize the biases and agendas that shape our understanding of the world and work towards a more just and equitable future. Do you know how detectives and historians are alike? They both have to gather evidence that it's going out of style. Detectives collect all kinds of clues from crime scenes and interviews with witnesses, trying to build a case against some poor sap. Historians, they're similar, you know. They gather evidence from here, there, and everywhere to assemble the past. They use primary sources like diaries, letters, and official records and secondary sources like smarty-pants articles and books. But let me tell you, they can't just take everything at face value. They must give every source a good once-over, ensuring it's credible and relevant to their research.
If one thing angers my adrenaline, it's uncovering the truth behind a scandal. Take the Watergate scandal in the '70s, for example. Historians and journalists had their work cut out for them as they sifted through a mountain of evidence to unravel the mess at the Democratic National Committee headquarters. The stakes were high, and the mystery was thick. These folks relied on every tool in the toolbox: confidential sources, government documents, and witness testimony all played a role in piecing together the twisted tale of political intrigue that led to President Richard Nixon's downfall. And let me tell you, and it was a challenging feat. Every detail had to be carefully evaluated, and every scrap of evidence scrutinized.
But in the end, these dedicated historians were able to construct a detailed and accurate account of what went down. It's the kind of work that makes my heart race and my palms sweat – the thrill of the chase, the satisfaction of uncovering the truth. There's nothing quite like it. Consider this: what do historians and detectives have in common? Sure, you might immediately think of their mutual love for trench coats and magnifying glasses, but there's more to it than that. Both professions are fundamentally tasked with interpreting evidence, but the key difference lies in the period. Detectives use their expertise in criminal behavior to decipher the evidence they've gathered and make calculated judgments. On the other hand, historians utilize their knowledge of past events to interpret evidence and arrive at informed conclusions about the historical record. It's not just about the facts themselves; it's about what those facts can tell us about the human experience across time.
We're talking about the Big One, the War to End All Wars, the OG World War, baby. Historians have been digging deep, sifting through diplomatic chit-chat, military intel, and the innermost thoughts of the players involved, all in an attempt to crack the case on what sparked this global conflagration. Some folks say it was all about the Krauts and the Austrians getting too big for their britches, flexing their muscles, and throwing their weight around like a few drunken bar brawlers. But others take a step back, see the bigger picture, and say no; this thing was brewing for a long time, thanks to the tangled web of alliances and the never-ending arms race.
And how do these historians make sense of it all? Using their deep knowledge of the past to interpret the evidence to uncover the hidden motivations and the complex dynamics at play. It isn't always pretty, and it sure ain't simple, but in the end, we get a more nuanced understanding of how the world turned upside down. See, it isn't just about knowing what happened in the past; it's about seeing how it all ties into the present, giving us some damn context for what's happening now. When we look back at what went down, we can start to get a grip on where all these problems we're dealing with today came from and what we can do to fix them.
Take the Civil Rights Movement, for instance. We all know it was a game-changer, a moment that shook the very foundations of America. But it isn't just some old news. It's still relevant as hell today. By digging into that history, we can start to see the roots of the ongoing fight for racial justice in this country. And that isn't just some academic exercise. It's about figuring out how we can move forward and make things right. In examining history through this lens, we uncover a crucial benefit - the cultivation of critical thinking abilities. Discerning evidence and formulating informed interpretations foster a set of proficiencies that prove invaluable across various fields. Amongst these proficiencies lie the aptitude to scrutinize sources, detect partiality, and arrive at well-reasoned resolutions despite insufficiencies in information.
Delving into history aids us in safeguarding our cultural lineage. By chronicling yesteryears, we guarantee that future cohorts shall possess a copious and eclectic narrative of human existence. If not for historians sleuthing away to unearth and construe evidence, much of this saga would fade into obscurity. Like a gumshoe, a historian must gather and decipher clues to create a coherent narrative of bygone eras. It's a painstaking and often perplexing task that ultimately illuminates our present-day reality. Through the lens of history, we can hone our critical thinking skills and gain a deeper appreciation for our cultural heritage. We must preserve our ancestors' stories, triumphs, and missteps so that future generations may learn from their experiences.
But don't worry- I'm Batman.
RUNDOWN
We need to mention rule #1 for understanding history: Historians are detectives. Much like Batman or Sherlock Holmes, historian look at the crime scene (in this case, the historical event) look for clues (in this case, books or archaeological sites), interview witnesses (in this case, secondary or primary sources) and interpret the findings to determine what happened. Much like an actual crime scene, the investigator must rely on what they have in front of them. Missing pieces always happen, but it's the goal of the historian to fill in the blank spaces with what his or her 'gut" tells them. Or they go to their utility belt of previous knowledge to help determine the most likely outcomes. This becomes rather difficult the further we get from the time frame of the crime, or what is referred to as a "cold case." Scents get thrown off; memory gets muddled. The picture becomes murkier as time slips from our grasp.
In a 2022 Observer article, writer Rory Carroll dives into Irish historian Tom Reilly. Reilly has been ridiculed, condemned, and strong-armed with death for waging a one-person crusade to rehabilitate Oliver Cromwell, the most prominent evildoer in Ireland's history. He has spent three decades trying to persuade his companions that Oliver Cromwell, the 17th-century English conqueror, was moral, honorable, and not a murderer. For those uninitiated, Cromwell was an English politician and military officer widely considered one of the most crucial politicians in English history. He came to stature during the 1640s, first as a senior army commander and then as a politician. Cromwell stays extremely contentious in Britain and Ireland due to his use of the military first to obtain, then maintain, political power and the savagery of his 1649 Irish campaign.
The lengthy, bloodstained method of occupying Ireland generated – directly or indirectly – the demises of such a vast section of the population that the word 'genocide' has even been used. It altered the course of history, leading to stormy ties with England for centuries. Reilly, who has spent 30 years reviewing primary sources, does not deny the widespread bloodshed or infamous components. Nevertheless, he says Cromwell's troops spared civilians and exterminated solely enemy combatants – some in battle, most after they had yielded, a cruel policy but in keeping with the era's code of war. Reilly says Irish history books conflate executed soldiers with "inhabitants," suggesting they were civilians.
Where does he come from with this authority? A lot of detective work is implicated in this century-year-old cold case. Pulling on new material and salvaged original texts, Reilly can re-establish Cromwell's (what he calls) "authentic voice." Is he wrong? Is he right? That is not the pertinent question here. What we should be asking is, does he have enough evidence to create a case? Why do I mention this? Remember that as we dive into the world of "pre-history" we don't have all the answers, and never will.
Comparisons between historians and detectives are not unfounded. The work of both professions requires sifting through fragments of information to construct a coherent and truthful narrative. Historians, just like detectives, are tasked with examining past events, interpreting the clues that remain, and weaving them together to create a rich tapestry of history. But the task of the historian goes beyond mere fact-finding. Instead, it involves interpreting and analyzing evidence to understand the complexities of human experience. History is not simply a collection of dates and names; it is a story of people and their struggles, triumphs, and tragedies. A skilled historian can excavate the hidden stories of those silenced or ignored by dominant narratives, revealing the nuances of history that are often overlooked.
In our current world, where misinformation and half-truths run rampant, studying history in this way is more critical than ever. Only by understanding the past can we comprehend the present and shape the future. As Howard Zinn famously noted, "You can't be neutral on a moving train." By studying history critically, we can recognize the biases and agendas that shape our understanding of the world and work towards a more just and equitable future. Do you know how detectives and historians are alike? They both have to gather evidence that it's going out of style. Detectives collect all kinds of clues from crime scenes and interviews with witnesses, trying to build a case against some poor sap. Historians, they're similar, you know. They gather evidence from here, there, and everywhere to assemble the past. They use primary sources like diaries, letters, and official records and secondary sources like smarty-pants articles and books. But let me tell you, they can't just take everything at face value. They must give every source a good once-over, ensuring it's credible and relevant to their research.
If one thing angers my adrenaline, it's uncovering the truth behind a scandal. Take the Watergate scandal in the '70s, for example. Historians and journalists had their work cut out for them as they sifted through a mountain of evidence to unravel the mess at the Democratic National Committee headquarters. The stakes were high, and the mystery was thick. These folks relied on every tool in the toolbox: confidential sources, government documents, and witness testimony all played a role in piecing together the twisted tale of political intrigue that led to President Richard Nixon's downfall. And let me tell you, and it was a challenging feat. Every detail had to be carefully evaluated, and every scrap of evidence scrutinized.
But in the end, these dedicated historians were able to construct a detailed and accurate account of what went down. It's the kind of work that makes my heart race and my palms sweat – the thrill of the chase, the satisfaction of uncovering the truth. There's nothing quite like it. Consider this: what do historians and detectives have in common? Sure, you might immediately think of their mutual love for trench coats and magnifying glasses, but there's more to it than that. Both professions are fundamentally tasked with interpreting evidence, but the key difference lies in the period. Detectives use their expertise in criminal behavior to decipher the evidence they've gathered and make calculated judgments. On the other hand, historians utilize their knowledge of past events to interpret evidence and arrive at informed conclusions about the historical record. It's not just about the facts themselves; it's about what those facts can tell us about the human experience across time.
We're talking about the Big One, the War to End All Wars, the OG World War, baby. Historians have been digging deep, sifting through diplomatic chit-chat, military intel, and the innermost thoughts of the players involved, all in an attempt to crack the case on what sparked this global conflagration. Some folks say it was all about the Krauts and the Austrians getting too big for their britches, flexing their muscles, and throwing their weight around like a few drunken bar brawlers. But others take a step back, see the bigger picture, and say no; this thing was brewing for a long time, thanks to the tangled web of alliances and the never-ending arms race.
And how do these historians make sense of it all? Using their deep knowledge of the past to interpret the evidence to uncover the hidden motivations and the complex dynamics at play. It isn't always pretty, and it sure ain't simple, but in the end, we get a more nuanced understanding of how the world turned upside down. See, it isn't just about knowing what happened in the past; it's about seeing how it all ties into the present, giving us some damn context for what's happening now. When we look back at what went down, we can start to get a grip on where all these problems we're dealing with today came from and what we can do to fix them.
Take the Civil Rights Movement, for instance. We all know it was a game-changer, a moment that shook the very foundations of America. But it isn't just some old news. It's still relevant as hell today. By digging into that history, we can start to see the roots of the ongoing fight for racial justice in this country. And that isn't just some academic exercise. It's about figuring out how we can move forward and make things right. In examining history through this lens, we uncover a crucial benefit - the cultivation of critical thinking abilities. Discerning evidence and formulating informed interpretations foster a set of proficiencies that prove invaluable across various fields. Amongst these proficiencies lie the aptitude to scrutinize sources, detect partiality, and arrive at well-reasoned resolutions despite insufficiencies in information.
Delving into history aids us in safeguarding our cultural lineage. By chronicling yesteryears, we guarantee that future cohorts shall possess a copious and eclectic narrative of human existence. If not for historians sleuthing away to unearth and construe evidence, much of this saga would fade into obscurity. Like a gumshoe, a historian must gather and decipher clues to create a coherent narrative of bygone eras. It's a painstaking and often perplexing task that ultimately illuminates our present-day reality. Through the lens of history, we can hone our critical thinking skills and gain a deeper appreciation for our cultural heritage. We must preserve our ancestors' stories, triumphs, and missteps so that future generations may learn from their experiences.
But don't worry- I'm Batman.
RUNDOWN
- Historians are like detectives; they use clues to understand past events and interpret findings to determine what happened.
- Irish historian Tom Reilly spent 30 years trying to rehabilitate Oliver Cromwell, a controversial figure in Irish history, by reviewing primary sources and establishing his "authentic voice."
- Reilly claims that Irish history books wrongly suggest that Cromwell's troops killed civilians while they only killed enemy combatants who had yielded.
- Historians are essential because they excavate hidden stories and understand the complexities of human experience, helping us to shape the future by learning from the past.
- Historians and detectives gather evidence to build a case, and historians must evaluate sources to ensure they are credible and relevant.
- Historians and journalists worked together to uncover the Watergate scandal in the 1970s, using confidential sources, government documents, and witness testimony to piece together a twisted tale of political intrigue.
STATE OF THE UNION
HIGHLIGHTS
|
|
We've got some fine classroom lectures coming your way, all courtesy of the RPTM podcast. These lectures will take you on a wild ride through history, exploring everything from ancient civilizations and epic battles to scientific breakthroughs and artistic revolutions. The podcast will guide you through each lecture with its no-nonsense, straight-talking style, using various sources to give you the lowdown on each topic. You won't find any fancy-pants jargon or convoluted theories here, just plain and straightforward explanations anyone can understand. So sit back and prepare to soak up some knowledge.
LECTURES
LECTURES
READING
Carnes, Chapter 15: Reconstruction and the South
This class utilizes the following textbook:
Carnes, Mark C., and John A. Garraty. American Destiny: Narrative of a Nation. 4th ed. Vol. 2.: Pearson, 2011.
Mark C. Carnes and John A. Garraty are respected historians who have made notable contributions to American history. Carnes specializes in American education and culture, focusing on the role of secret societies in shaping American culture in the 19th century. Garraty is known for his general surveys of American history, his biographies of American historical figures and studies of specific aspects of American history, and his clear and accessible writing.
Carnes, Chapter 15: Reconstruction and the South
This class utilizes the following textbook:
Carnes, Mark C., and John A. Garraty. American Destiny: Narrative of a Nation. 4th ed. Vol. 2.: Pearson, 2011.
Mark C. Carnes and John A. Garraty are respected historians who have made notable contributions to American history. Carnes specializes in American education and culture, focusing on the role of secret societies in shaping American culture in the 19th century. Garraty is known for his general surveys of American history, his biographies of American historical figures and studies of specific aspects of American history, and his clear and accessible writing.
Howard Zinn was a historian, writer, and political activist known for his critical analysis of American history. He is particularly well-known for his counter-narrative to traditional American history accounts and highlights marginalized groups' experiences and perspectives. Zinn's work is often associated with social history and is known for his Marxist and socialist views. Larry Schweikart is also a historian, but his work and perspective are often considered more conservative. Schweikart's work is often associated with military history, and he is known for his support of free-market economics and limited government. Overall, Zinn and Schweikart have different perspectives on various historical issues and events and may interpret historical events and phenomena differently. Occasionally, we will also look at Thaddeus Russell, a historian, author, and academic. Russell has written extensively on the history of social and cultural change, and his work focuses on how marginalized and oppressed groups have challenged and transformed mainstream culture. Russell is known for his unconventional and controversial ideas, and his work has been praised for its originality and provocative nature.
My classes utilize both Howard Zinn's A People's History of the United States and Larry Schweikart's Patriot's History of the United States, mostly in excerpts posted to the modules. You can access the full text of People's History or Patriot's History by clicking on the links.
My classes utilize both Howard Zinn's A People's History of the United States and Larry Schweikart's Patriot's History of the United States, mostly in excerpts posted to the modules. You can access the full text of People's History or Patriot's History by clicking on the links.
Howard Zinn, A People's History of the United States
"...The labor movement of the late nineteenth century was a response to the harsh conditions of industrial capitalism. Workers, often immigrants, worked long hours for low wages in dangerous and unhealthy factories. They organized unions to demand better treatment and to bargain for higher wages and better working conditions..."
"...The labor movement faced significant resistance from employers, who often used violence and intimidation to prevent workers from organizing. In the 1880s, the Knights of Labor, one of the largest and most influential labor organizations of the time, faced a series of setbacks as employers used the courts and the government to suppress its activities..."
"...Despite these challenges, the labor movement of the 1880s made significant strides in improving the lives of workers. Through strikes and other forms of collective action, workers were able to win better wages and working conditions, and they helped to establish the principle of collective bargaining, which remains an important part of the American labor movement today..."
"...The labor movement of the 1880s also played a crucial role in the broader struggle for social justice in the United States. Through their activism, workers helped to bring about important reforms, such as the eight-hour workday and the prohibition of child labor, which helped to improve the lives of millions of Americans..."
"...The labor movement of the late nineteenth century was a response to the harsh conditions of industrial capitalism. Workers, often immigrants, worked long hours for low wages in dangerous and unhealthy factories. They organized unions to demand better treatment and to bargain for higher wages and better working conditions..."
"...The labor movement faced significant resistance from employers, who often used violence and intimidation to prevent workers from organizing. In the 1880s, the Knights of Labor, one of the largest and most influential labor organizations of the time, faced a series of setbacks as employers used the courts and the government to suppress its activities..."
"...Despite these challenges, the labor movement of the 1880s made significant strides in improving the lives of workers. Through strikes and other forms of collective action, workers were able to win better wages and working conditions, and they helped to establish the principle of collective bargaining, which remains an important part of the American labor movement today..."
"...The labor movement of the 1880s also played a crucial role in the broader struggle for social justice in the United States. Through their activism, workers helped to bring about important reforms, such as the eight-hour workday and the prohibition of child labor, which helped to improve the lives of millions of Americans..."
Larry Schweikart, A Patriot's History of the United States
"...Miners, farmers, and laborers alike grew discontented in the late nineteenth century, often for different reasons. In mining, fishing, logging, and sawmill towns, capitalism’s creative destruction process caused tumultuous change, with economic panics causing unemployment rates to twice rise as high as 30 percent. Wage earners complained of low salaries and dangerous working conditions, which led to the formation of labor unions, not a few of which were steeped in violence and socialism...
...As in all emerging capitalist economies, the first generation of industrial laborers bore the brunt of rapid change. They worked, on average, sixty hours per week, with skilled laborers earning twenty cents an hour while unskilled earned half that, although these numbers could vary widely depending on industry and region...
...An early response to the issue of low wages came from the Knights of Labor, an organization originally formed in Philadelphia in 1869, which moved west in the 1880s. The Knights sought equity in the workplace, but only for white workers; they were noted for their opposition to Chinese and African American workers. Chinese worked for wages below those Knights of Labor demanded and so the Knights, shouting, “The Chinese Must Go!” violently expelled the entire Chinese population (seven hundred) of Tacoma, Washington, in November of 1885..."
"...Miners, farmers, and laborers alike grew discontented in the late nineteenth century, often for different reasons. In mining, fishing, logging, and sawmill towns, capitalism’s creative destruction process caused tumultuous change, with economic panics causing unemployment rates to twice rise as high as 30 percent. Wage earners complained of low salaries and dangerous working conditions, which led to the formation of labor unions, not a few of which were steeped in violence and socialism...
...As in all emerging capitalist economies, the first generation of industrial laborers bore the brunt of rapid change. They worked, on average, sixty hours per week, with skilled laborers earning twenty cents an hour while unskilled earned half that, although these numbers could vary widely depending on industry and region...
...An early response to the issue of low wages came from the Knights of Labor, an organization originally formed in Philadelphia in 1869, which moved west in the 1880s. The Knights sought equity in the workplace, but only for white workers; they were noted for their opposition to Chinese and African American workers. Chinese worked for wages below those Knights of Labor demanded and so the Knights, shouting, “The Chinese Must Go!” violently expelled the entire Chinese population (seven hundred) of Tacoma, Washington, in November of 1885..."
Thaddeus Russell, A Renegade History of The United States
"...The people who have been most responsible for the progress of the United States are not the ones who are celebrated in the official history books..."
"...The people who have been most responsible for the progress of the United States are not the ones who are celebrated in the official history books..."
What Does Professor Lancaster Think?
In the late eighteen hundreds, discontent brewed among the toiling masses of the United States. Fueled by the flames of unfairness, the labor movement rose to challenge the unjust treatment of industrial workers. This noble endeavor sought to confront the relentless grind of long hours, meager wages, and unsafe working conditions that afflicted countless laborers. In the face of fierce resistance from tycoons and industrial barons, the labor movement marched forward, leaving an indelible mark on American history.
Picture them caught in the throes of industrialization's embrace, toiling away like clockwork automatons. From dawn to dusk, their weary bodies labored, bearing the burden of backbreaking work for over a dozen hours each day. Rest and leisure were luxuries foreign to their weary existence. Their wages, a pittance, barely enough to stave off the gnawing hunger that constantly plagued them. But it was not merely their bellies that suffered; their very lives hung in the balance. Without regulations and safeguards, their workplaces transformed into veritable chambers of horrors where injury and death were perpetual specters.
Yet, from the depths of despair, hope emerged. Workers, recognizing the strength in unity, banded together to form unions. These beacons of solidarity sought to negotiate a brighter future with fairer wages, shorter hours, and safer havens for their toil. The National Labor Union, a bastion of worker's rights established in 1866, blazed the trail for future labor organizations such as the Knights of Labor and the American Federation of Labor, illuminating justice.
Collective action became the heartbeat of the labor movement, pulsating with the rhythms of workers' determination. In this fight for justice, they grasped the futility of solitary cries. Strikes, boycotts, and direct actions reverberated across the land, shaking the foundations of industries and rattling the nerves of their owners. From the Great Railroad Strike of 1877 to the Pullman Strike of 1894, workers demonstrated the might of their unified voices.
Yet, their greatest weapon lay in the realm of collective bargaining. Workers seized the opportunity to engage employers on equal footing through this potent instrument. Unions sprouted like wildflowers, and the right to negotiate collectively breathed life into the hopes and dreams of the laboring masses. Improved wages, enhanced working conditions, and increased job security became tangible fruits of their struggle. The American Federation of Labor etched a remarkable victory in workers' history by securing the eight-hour workday—a precious jewel adorning the crown of their perseverance.
But it was not solely the workers' fate they championed. Their ambitions soared beyond the confines of factories and mines. The labor movement became an agent of social justice, an advocate for reforms that protected workers' rights and nurtured safer work environments. The United Mine Workers, kindled in 1890, carved a path toward improved safety regulations and better conditions for those toiling in the dark recesses of coal mines.
Moreover, the labor movement fought for the rights of the marginalized, extending their embrace to encompass women and people of color. The International Ladies' Garment Workers' Union emerged as a voice of change, speaking up for fair wages and safe havens for women toiling in the garment industry. African American workers, ensnared by discrimination and segregation, found solace in organizations such as the Brotherhood of Sleeping Car Porters, battling tirelessly for equality in treatment and job opportunities.
But, as in all sagas, shadows loomed behind the scenes. For all its strength, the labor movement was not impervious to weakness. Internal divisions gnawed at its unity, rendering it vulnerable and weakening its effectiveness. Some unions, regrettably, disregarded the struggles of women, immigrants, and non-white workers—failing to grasp the complexities of their intersectional challenges. As if the obstacles posed by disunity were not enough, employers rose enthusiastically to the occasion, their opposition escalating into violent clashes like the infamous Haymarket Affair of 1886.
Today, it is incumbent upon us to study the labor movement of the past, for it unveils the tapestry of American history in all its vibrant hues. Through its lessons, we perceive the sacrifices made by countless workers who fought tooth and nail to secure the rights and protections we often take for granted today. Acknowledging the movement's triumphs while critically analyzing its shortcomings, we unearth insights into the ongoing struggle for workers' rights and social justice.
Moreover, the study of the labor movement challenges the dominant narratives that relegate ordinary workers to the periphery of historical accounts. Often focused on political figures and grand events, these tales overshadow the indomitable spirit of collective action and its indelible influence on shaping American society.
Thanks to their relentless efforts, I sit comfortably in my humble abode, teaching online like a boss. With their picket signs and indomitable spirit, the laborers of yesteryears fought tooth and nail for our rights. They dared to dream of a world where work doesn't chain us to cubicles and commutes. Their battle cry echoed through the ages, and now we revel in the sweet freedom of remote work. From the cozy corners of our homes, we connect, inspire, and educate, defying the shackles of traditional office spaces. Thanks to the labor movement, we can teach online, with no dress code and no traffic jams. Just knowledge flowing through digital realms.
In understanding this pivotal historical moment, we grasp the broader context that birthed it. We discern the sparks of triumph and the embers of failure, igniting our path toward a more equitable future for workers. The complexities unveiled by the labor movement compel us to advocate ardently for fair labor practices, to safeguard workers' rights, and to combat the insidious grip of exploitation that lingers still in the fabric of our society.
Work Cited:
Zieger, Robert H. "The Labor Movement: Working-Class Organizations and Popular Protest." The Gilded Age & Progressive Era: A Student Companion, edited by Elisabeth Israels Perry and Karen M. Dunak, Oxford University Press, 2018, pp. 56-80.
Foner, Eric. Give Me Liberty!: An American History. Seagull 5th ed., W. W. Norton & Company, 2016.
Dubofsky, Melvyn, and Warren Van Tine. Labor in America: A History. 9th ed., Wiley-Blackwell, 2016.
In the late eighteen hundreds, discontent brewed among the toiling masses of the United States. Fueled by the flames of unfairness, the labor movement rose to challenge the unjust treatment of industrial workers. This noble endeavor sought to confront the relentless grind of long hours, meager wages, and unsafe working conditions that afflicted countless laborers. In the face of fierce resistance from tycoons and industrial barons, the labor movement marched forward, leaving an indelible mark on American history.
Picture them caught in the throes of industrialization's embrace, toiling away like clockwork automatons. From dawn to dusk, their weary bodies labored, bearing the burden of backbreaking work for over a dozen hours each day. Rest and leisure were luxuries foreign to their weary existence. Their wages, a pittance, barely enough to stave off the gnawing hunger that constantly plagued them. But it was not merely their bellies that suffered; their very lives hung in the balance. Without regulations and safeguards, their workplaces transformed into veritable chambers of horrors where injury and death were perpetual specters.
Yet, from the depths of despair, hope emerged. Workers, recognizing the strength in unity, banded together to form unions. These beacons of solidarity sought to negotiate a brighter future with fairer wages, shorter hours, and safer havens for their toil. The National Labor Union, a bastion of worker's rights established in 1866, blazed the trail for future labor organizations such as the Knights of Labor and the American Federation of Labor, illuminating justice.
Collective action became the heartbeat of the labor movement, pulsating with the rhythms of workers' determination. In this fight for justice, they grasped the futility of solitary cries. Strikes, boycotts, and direct actions reverberated across the land, shaking the foundations of industries and rattling the nerves of their owners. From the Great Railroad Strike of 1877 to the Pullman Strike of 1894, workers demonstrated the might of their unified voices.
Yet, their greatest weapon lay in the realm of collective bargaining. Workers seized the opportunity to engage employers on equal footing through this potent instrument. Unions sprouted like wildflowers, and the right to negotiate collectively breathed life into the hopes and dreams of the laboring masses. Improved wages, enhanced working conditions, and increased job security became tangible fruits of their struggle. The American Federation of Labor etched a remarkable victory in workers' history by securing the eight-hour workday—a precious jewel adorning the crown of their perseverance.
But it was not solely the workers' fate they championed. Their ambitions soared beyond the confines of factories and mines. The labor movement became an agent of social justice, an advocate for reforms that protected workers' rights and nurtured safer work environments. The United Mine Workers, kindled in 1890, carved a path toward improved safety regulations and better conditions for those toiling in the dark recesses of coal mines.
Moreover, the labor movement fought for the rights of the marginalized, extending their embrace to encompass women and people of color. The International Ladies' Garment Workers' Union emerged as a voice of change, speaking up for fair wages and safe havens for women toiling in the garment industry. African American workers, ensnared by discrimination and segregation, found solace in organizations such as the Brotherhood of Sleeping Car Porters, battling tirelessly for equality in treatment and job opportunities.
But, as in all sagas, shadows loomed behind the scenes. For all its strength, the labor movement was not impervious to weakness. Internal divisions gnawed at its unity, rendering it vulnerable and weakening its effectiveness. Some unions, regrettably, disregarded the struggles of women, immigrants, and non-white workers—failing to grasp the complexities of their intersectional challenges. As if the obstacles posed by disunity were not enough, employers rose enthusiastically to the occasion, their opposition escalating into violent clashes like the infamous Haymarket Affair of 1886.
Today, it is incumbent upon us to study the labor movement of the past, for it unveils the tapestry of American history in all its vibrant hues. Through its lessons, we perceive the sacrifices made by countless workers who fought tooth and nail to secure the rights and protections we often take for granted today. Acknowledging the movement's triumphs while critically analyzing its shortcomings, we unearth insights into the ongoing struggle for workers' rights and social justice.
Moreover, the study of the labor movement challenges the dominant narratives that relegate ordinary workers to the periphery of historical accounts. Often focused on political figures and grand events, these tales overshadow the indomitable spirit of collective action and its indelible influence on shaping American society.
Thanks to their relentless efforts, I sit comfortably in my humble abode, teaching online like a boss. With their picket signs and indomitable spirit, the laborers of yesteryears fought tooth and nail for our rights. They dared to dream of a world where work doesn't chain us to cubicles and commutes. Their battle cry echoed through the ages, and now we revel in the sweet freedom of remote work. From the cozy corners of our homes, we connect, inspire, and educate, defying the shackles of traditional office spaces. Thanks to the labor movement, we can teach online, with no dress code and no traffic jams. Just knowledge flowing through digital realms.
In understanding this pivotal historical moment, we grasp the broader context that birthed it. We discern the sparks of triumph and the embers of failure, igniting our path toward a more equitable future for workers. The complexities unveiled by the labor movement compel us to advocate ardently for fair labor practices, to safeguard workers' rights, and to combat the insidious grip of exploitation that lingers still in the fabric of our society.
Work Cited:
Zieger, Robert H. "The Labor Movement: Working-Class Organizations and Popular Protest." The Gilded Age & Progressive Era: A Student Companion, edited by Elisabeth Israels Perry and Karen M. Dunak, Oxford University Press, 2018, pp. 56-80.
Foner, Eric. Give Me Liberty!: An American History. Seagull 5th ed., W. W. Norton & Company, 2016.
Dubofsky, Melvyn, and Warren Van Tine. Labor in America: A History. 9th ed., Wiley-Blackwell, 2016.
Haymarket Affair, 1886 CE
KEY TERMS
RUNDOWN
It was a great upheaval time in the United States. It was a period when the nation's very fabric was being rewoven, thread by thread, in the loom of transformation. The completion of the transcontinental railroad, stretching its iron limbs across the vast expanse of the land, bound together the East and West coasts, birthing a new era of trade and prosperity. Industrialization roared into existence, with its towering factories and mighty corporations, giving birth to a new breed of business leaders hungry for power and profit. As if touched by a magician's wand, the cities swelled with the arrival of European immigrants, carrying with them a rich tapestry of cultures, forever altering the urban landscape.
Meanwhile, the stage was set for joy and amusement as vaudeville's colorful characters danced and sang while the realm of professional sports sprouted, capturing the hearts of the masses. Amidst this whirlwind of change, the Republican Party grappled with internal divisions while a new political movement, the Populist Party, rose from the ashes, daring to challenge the established order. It was a time when laws like the Dawes Act and the Sherman Antitrust Act were forged, etching the shifting tides of power onto the tablets of legislation. For historians, these events of the 1880s serve as a compass, illuminating the path to the past and guiding the way to a better future.
Another thread wove through the very heart of the 1880s—the labor movement. Like a tempest brewing on the horizon, labor unions rose from the ashes of injustice, their rallying cry echoing across the land. From the miners to the farmers, they stood, demanding fair wages, shorter hours, and the end of child labor. The Knights of Labor, though their efforts were as a drop in the vast ocean, lent their voice to the chorus of change. The labor movement of the late eighteen hundreds, with its battles fought and victories won, holds valuable lessons about that era's economic, social, and political transformations. It is a window through which we glimpse the institutions and practices that continue to shape our world today. As we study the labor movement, we unearth the struggles and triumphs of those who toiled for better conditions and essential reforms. In this pursuit, we cultivate the seeds of critical thinking, nurturing an understanding of the laborer's plight and preserving the cultural heritage of their fight. Thus armed with knowledge, we engage in informed discourse on the present, confronting the labor and workers' rights issues of our own time with clarity and purpose.
ASSIGNMENTS
Remember all assignments, tests and quizzes must be submitted official via BLACKBOARD
Forum Discussion #1
- Great Railroad Strike of 1877
- Eadweard Muybridge
- Thomas Edison's Light Bulb
- Carlisle Indian Industrial School
- Dudley Allen Sargent
- 1880s Fashion
- Arab Immigration
- James Garfield Assassinated
- Clara Barton and the Red Cross
- Chinese Exclusion Act
- Tape v. Hurley
- Rock Springs Massacre
- Haymarket Riot
- Coca-Cola
- Hells Canyon Massacre
- Softball
- Dawes Act
- William Dorsey Swann
- Kodak Camera
- Kinetoscope
RUNDOWN
It was a great upheaval time in the United States. It was a period when the nation's very fabric was being rewoven, thread by thread, in the loom of transformation. The completion of the transcontinental railroad, stretching its iron limbs across the vast expanse of the land, bound together the East and West coasts, birthing a new era of trade and prosperity. Industrialization roared into existence, with its towering factories and mighty corporations, giving birth to a new breed of business leaders hungry for power and profit. As if touched by a magician's wand, the cities swelled with the arrival of European immigrants, carrying with them a rich tapestry of cultures, forever altering the urban landscape.
Meanwhile, the stage was set for joy and amusement as vaudeville's colorful characters danced and sang while the realm of professional sports sprouted, capturing the hearts of the masses. Amidst this whirlwind of change, the Republican Party grappled with internal divisions while a new political movement, the Populist Party, rose from the ashes, daring to challenge the established order. It was a time when laws like the Dawes Act and the Sherman Antitrust Act were forged, etching the shifting tides of power onto the tablets of legislation. For historians, these events of the 1880s serve as a compass, illuminating the path to the past and guiding the way to a better future.
Another thread wove through the very heart of the 1880s—the labor movement. Like a tempest brewing on the horizon, labor unions rose from the ashes of injustice, their rallying cry echoing across the land. From the miners to the farmers, they stood, demanding fair wages, shorter hours, and the end of child labor. The Knights of Labor, though their efforts were as a drop in the vast ocean, lent their voice to the chorus of change. The labor movement of the late eighteen hundreds, with its battles fought and victories won, holds valuable lessons about that era's economic, social, and political transformations. It is a window through which we glimpse the institutions and practices that continue to shape our world today. As we study the labor movement, we unearth the struggles and triumphs of those who toiled for better conditions and essential reforms. In this pursuit, we cultivate the seeds of critical thinking, nurturing an understanding of the laborer's plight and preserving the cultural heritage of their fight. Thus armed with knowledge, we engage in informed discourse on the present, confronting the labor and workers' rights issues of our own time with clarity and purpose.
- The 1880s were a significant decade in United States history with economic, social, and political changes.
- The completion of the transcontinental railroad linked the East and West coasts and boosted trade.
- Industrialization led to the rise of large corporations and new business leaders.
- Immigration from Europe increased diversity and urbanization.
- New forms of entertainment like vaudeville and professional sports emerged.
- The Republican Party began to split, and new political movements like the Populist Party emerged.
- Important legislation was passed, such as the Dawes Act and the Sherman Antitrust Act.
- Historians are like detectives, gathering evidence and interpreting findings to understand the past.
- Irish historian Tom Reilly has worked to rehabilitate Oliver Cromwell's image.
- Historians and detectives both analyze evidence to construct a narrative.
- Studying history helps us understand the present and work towards a better future.
- Historians and detectives carefully evaluate sources for credibility and relevance.
- Historians investigate scandals, like the Watergate scandal, to uncover the truth.
- Historians interpret evidence to understand hidden motivations and dynamics.
- History provides context and insights for addressing current problems.
- Studying history cultivates critical thinking skills and preserves cultural heritage.
- The labor movement in the late 1800s fought for better conditions and reforms.
- Labor unions negotiated for better wages, working hours, and child labor prohibition.
- Various groups, including miners and farmers, formed unions in response to poor conditions.
- The Knights of Labor, although limited in their advocacy, played a role in the labor movement.
- Studying the labor movement helps understand economic, social, and political changes.
- It provides insights into key institutions and practices still relevant today.
ASSIGNMENTS
- Forum Discussion #1
- Forum Discussion #2
Remember all assignments, tests and quizzes must be submitted official via BLACKBOARD
Forum Discussion #1
This first week I would like to take it easy, and get to know you better, please answer the following question with a one paragraph minimum:
What do you like about studying history? If you don't like history, what do you think the root cause is? Remember that you will be required to reply to at least two of your classmates.
Forum Discussion #2
"Henry Ford's Innovation Nation" is a television show on CBS. The show is hosted by Mo Rocca and explores the history of innovation and the inventors who have shaped the world we live in today. The show is produced by The Henry Ford, a museum complex in Dearborn, Michigan, dedicated to American innovation and the history of technology. Each episode of "The Henry Ford's Innovation Nation with Mo Rocca" features segments on different inventions and inventors, ranging from well-known figures such as Thomas Edison and Henry Ford to lesser-known innovators who have made significant contributions to their fields. The show also explores the process of innovation and the challenges and obstacles that inventors face in bringing their ideas to fruition.
Watch this odd display (that seems to cheapen a historical event for the sake of a game show)and answer the following question:
What do you like about studying history? If you don't like history, what do you think the root cause is? Remember that you will be required to reply to at least two of your classmates.
Forum Discussion #2
"Henry Ford's Innovation Nation" is a television show on CBS. The show is hosted by Mo Rocca and explores the history of innovation and the inventors who have shaped the world we live in today. The show is produced by The Henry Ford, a museum complex in Dearborn, Michigan, dedicated to American innovation and the history of technology. Each episode of "The Henry Ford's Innovation Nation with Mo Rocca" features segments on different inventions and inventors, ranging from well-known figures such as Thomas Edison and Henry Ford to lesser-known innovators who have made significant contributions to their fields. The show also explores the process of innovation and the challenges and obstacles that inventors face in bringing their ideas to fruition.
Watch this odd display (that seems to cheapen a historical event for the sake of a game show)and answer the following question:
How did popular culture, such as vaudeville and professional sports, change and evolve in the 1880s in the United States?
Need help? Remember the Discussion Board Rubric.
LEGAL MUMBO JUMBO
Need help? Remember the Discussion Board Rubric.
LEGAL MUMBO JUMBO
- (Disclaimer: This is not professional or legal advice. If it were, the article would be followed with an invoice. Do not expect to win any social media arguments by hyperlinking my articles. Chances are, we are both wrong).
- (Trigger Warning: This article or section, or pages it links to, contains antiquated language or disturbing images which may be triggering to some.)
- (Permission to reprint this blog post in whole or in part is granted, provided that the author (or authors) and www.ryanglancaster.com are appropriately cited.)
- This site is for educational purposes only.
- Fair Use: Copyright Disclaimer under section 107 of the Copyright Act of 1976, allowance is made for “fair use” for purposes such as criticism, comment, news reporting, teaching, scholarship, education, and research. Fair use is permitted by copyright statute that might otherwise be infringing.
- Fair Use Definition: Fair use is a doctrine in United States copyright law that allows limited use of copyrighted material without requiring permission from the rights holders, such as commentary, criticism, news reporting, research, teaching, or scholarship. It provides for the legal, non-licensed citation or incorporation of copyrighted material in another author’s work under a four-factor balancing test.
Adelman, William J. Haymarket Revisited: A Tour Guide and History. Chicago: Charles H. Kerr Publishing Company, 1998.
Allen, Frederick. Secret Formula: How Brilliant Marketing and Relentless Salesmanship Made Coca-Cola the Best-Known Product in the World. New York: HarperBusiness, 1994.
Avrich, Paul. The Haymarket Tragedy. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1984.
Bayoumi, Moustafa. How Does It Feel to Be a Problem?: Being Young and Arab in America. Penguin Books, 2009.
Bernstein, Carl, and Bob Woodward. All the President's Men. New York: Simon & Schuster, 1974.
Buck, Anne. Victorian Costume and Costume Accessories. Chicago: Macmillan, 1979.
Burton, David Henry. Clara Barton: In the Service of Humanity. Westport: Greenwood Press, 1995.
Chan, Sucheng. "Asian Americans: An Interpretive History." Boston: Twayne Publishers, 1991.
Chang, Iris. "The Chinese in America: A Narrative History." New York: Viking, 2003.
Chauncey, George. Gay New York: Gender, Urban Culture, and the Making of the Gay Male World, 1890-1940. Basic Books, 1994.
Daniels, Roger. The Politics of Prejudice: The Anti-Japanese Movement in California and the Struggle for Japanese Exclusion. University of California Press, 1962.
Deloria, Philip J. Indians in Unexpected Places. Lawrence: University Press of Kansas, 2004.
Du Bois, W. E. B. The Souls of Black Folk. Chicago: A. C. McClurg & Co., 1903.
Edison, Thomas. "Kinetoscope Demonstration." Brooklyn Institute of Arts and Sciences, 1894.
Fandel, Jennifer. George Eastman and the Kodak Camera (Inventions and Discovery series). Illustrated by Purcell and Gordon. Paperback ed., Capstone Press, 2007.
Foner, Eric. Give Me Liberty!: An American History. W. W. Norton & Company, 2017.
Foner, Eric. Reconstruction: America's Unfinished Revolution, 1863-1877. New York: Harper & Row, 1988.
Francis Paul Prucha, "The Great Father: The United States Government and the American Indians" (University of Nebraska Press, 1984).
Frederick E. Hoxie, "A Final Promise: The Campaign to Assimilate the Indians, 1880-1920" (Cambridge University Press, 1984).
Gordon, Colin. New Deals: Business, Labor, and Politics in America, 1920-1935. Cambridge University Press, 1994.
Green, James. Death in the Haymarket: A Story of Chicago, the First Labor Movement, and the Bombing that Divided Gilded Age America. New York: Anchor Books, 2007.
Haney López, Ian F. White by Law: The Legal Construction of Race. New York University Press, 1996.
Hofstadter, Richard. The Age of Reform: From Bryan to F.D.R. Vintage Books, 1955.
Hollander, Anne. Seeing Through Clothes. Chicago: University of California Press, 1993.
Hoxie, Frederick E. A Final Promise: The Campaign to Assimilate the Indians, 1880-1920. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1984.
Jamal, Amaney. Of Empires and Citizens: Pro-American Democracy or No Democracy at All? Princeton University Press, 2012.
Jonnes, Jill. 2004. Empires of Light: Edison, Tesla, Westinghouse, and the Race to Electrify the World. New York: Random House.
Josephson, Matthew. 1979. Edison: A Biography. New York: Wiley.
Katz, Jonathan Ned. Gay American History: Lesbians and Gay Men in the U.S.A. Thomas Y. Crowell Company, 1976.
Kennedy, Elizabeth Lapovsky. Boots of Leather, Slippers of Gold: The History of a Lesbian Community. Penguin Books, 1993.
Lee, Erika. At America's Gates: Chinese Immigration during the Exclusion Era, 1882-1943. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2003.
Lee, Erika. "At America's Gates: Chinese Immigration during the Exclusion Era, 1882-1943." Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2003.
Lumière Brothers. "The Arrival of a Train at La Ciotat Station." 1895.
McCartin, Joseph A. Collision Course: Ronald Reagan, the Air Traffic Controllers, and the Strike that Changed America. Oxford University Press, 2011.
Millard, Candice. "Destiny of the Republic: A Tale of Madness, Medicine, and the Murder of a President." Chicago: Anchor Books, 2012.
Naff, Alixa. Becoming American: The Early Arab Immigrant Experience. University of Illinois Press, 1993.
Ngai, Mae M. Impossible Subjects: Illegal Aliens and the Making of Modern America. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2004.
Oliver, Thomas. The Real Coke, The Real Story. New York: Random House, 1986.
Pendergrast, Mark. For God, Country, and Coca-Cola: The Definitive History of the Great American Soft Drink and the Company That Makes It. New York: Basic Books, 2000.
Pryor, Elizabeth Brown. Clara Barton: Professional Angel. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1987.
Reilly, Tom. Cromwell: An Honourable Enemy - The Untold Story of the Cromwellian Invasion of Ireland. Dublin: Gill Books, 2012.
Reeder, Carolyn. Clara Barton: Civil War Nurse. Mankato: Capstone Press, 2006.
Robert J. Miller, "Native America, Discovered and Conquered: Thomas Jefferson, Lewis & Clark, and Manifest Destiny" (Praeger, 2008).
Sargent, Dudley Allen. Dudley Allen Sargent: An Autobiography. Edited by Ledyard W. Sargent. Introduction by R. Tait McKenzie. Chicago: Kessinger Publishing, June 13, 2008.
Sargent, Dudley Allen. Anthropometric Apparatus: With Directions For Measuring And Testing The Principal Physical Characteristics Of The Human Body. Illustrated Paperback. July 18, 2023.
Sargent, Dudley Allen. Physical Education. Legare Street Press, 2022.
Solnit, Rebecca. "River of Shadows: Eadweard Muybridge and the Technological Wild West." Viking, 2003.
Stross, Randall E. 2007. The Wizard of Menlo Park: How Thomas Alva Edison Invented the Modern World. New York: Crown Publishers.
Takaki, Ronald. Strangers from a Different Shore: A History of Asian Americans. Boston: Little, Brown and Company, 1989.
The Hidden Consumer: Masculinities, Fashion, and City Life 1860-1914. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1999.
U.S. Department of the Interior. Treaty of 1855: Nez Perce Land Cession and Promises. Government Printing Office, 1855.
Wasson, Woodrow W. James A. Garfield, His Religion and Education: A Study in the Religious and Educational Thought and Activity of an American Statesman. Paperback, Literary Licensing, LLC, June 30, 2012.
White, Ronald C. Railroaded: The Transcontinentals and the Making of Modern America. New York: W. W. Norton & Company, 2011.
Westly, Erica. Fastpitch: The Untold History of Softball and the Women Who Made the Game. Illustrated. Touchstone, April 4, 2017. Reprint edition.
Zinn, Howard. A People's History of the United States. Harper Perennial Modern Classics, 2005.
Allen, Frederick. Secret Formula: How Brilliant Marketing and Relentless Salesmanship Made Coca-Cola the Best-Known Product in the World. New York: HarperBusiness, 1994.
Avrich, Paul. The Haymarket Tragedy. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1984.
Bayoumi, Moustafa. How Does It Feel to Be a Problem?: Being Young and Arab in America. Penguin Books, 2009.
Bernstein, Carl, and Bob Woodward. All the President's Men. New York: Simon & Schuster, 1974.
Buck, Anne. Victorian Costume and Costume Accessories. Chicago: Macmillan, 1979.
Burton, David Henry. Clara Barton: In the Service of Humanity. Westport: Greenwood Press, 1995.
Chan, Sucheng. "Asian Americans: An Interpretive History." Boston: Twayne Publishers, 1991.
Chang, Iris. "The Chinese in America: A Narrative History." New York: Viking, 2003.
Chauncey, George. Gay New York: Gender, Urban Culture, and the Making of the Gay Male World, 1890-1940. Basic Books, 1994.
Daniels, Roger. The Politics of Prejudice: The Anti-Japanese Movement in California and the Struggle for Japanese Exclusion. University of California Press, 1962.
Deloria, Philip J. Indians in Unexpected Places. Lawrence: University Press of Kansas, 2004.
Du Bois, W. E. B. The Souls of Black Folk. Chicago: A. C. McClurg & Co., 1903.
Edison, Thomas. "Kinetoscope Demonstration." Brooklyn Institute of Arts and Sciences, 1894.
Fandel, Jennifer. George Eastman and the Kodak Camera (Inventions and Discovery series). Illustrated by Purcell and Gordon. Paperback ed., Capstone Press, 2007.
Foner, Eric. Give Me Liberty!: An American History. W. W. Norton & Company, 2017.
Foner, Eric. Reconstruction: America's Unfinished Revolution, 1863-1877. New York: Harper & Row, 1988.
Francis Paul Prucha, "The Great Father: The United States Government and the American Indians" (University of Nebraska Press, 1984).
Frederick E. Hoxie, "A Final Promise: The Campaign to Assimilate the Indians, 1880-1920" (Cambridge University Press, 1984).
Gordon, Colin. New Deals: Business, Labor, and Politics in America, 1920-1935. Cambridge University Press, 1994.
Green, James. Death in the Haymarket: A Story of Chicago, the First Labor Movement, and the Bombing that Divided Gilded Age America. New York: Anchor Books, 2007.
Haney López, Ian F. White by Law: The Legal Construction of Race. New York University Press, 1996.
Hofstadter, Richard. The Age of Reform: From Bryan to F.D.R. Vintage Books, 1955.
Hollander, Anne. Seeing Through Clothes. Chicago: University of California Press, 1993.
Hoxie, Frederick E. A Final Promise: The Campaign to Assimilate the Indians, 1880-1920. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1984.
Jamal, Amaney. Of Empires and Citizens: Pro-American Democracy or No Democracy at All? Princeton University Press, 2012.
Jonnes, Jill. 2004. Empires of Light: Edison, Tesla, Westinghouse, and the Race to Electrify the World. New York: Random House.
Josephson, Matthew. 1979. Edison: A Biography. New York: Wiley.
Katz, Jonathan Ned. Gay American History: Lesbians and Gay Men in the U.S.A. Thomas Y. Crowell Company, 1976.
Kennedy, Elizabeth Lapovsky. Boots of Leather, Slippers of Gold: The History of a Lesbian Community. Penguin Books, 1993.
Lee, Erika. At America's Gates: Chinese Immigration during the Exclusion Era, 1882-1943. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2003.
Lee, Erika. "At America's Gates: Chinese Immigration during the Exclusion Era, 1882-1943." Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2003.
Lumière Brothers. "The Arrival of a Train at La Ciotat Station." 1895.
McCartin, Joseph A. Collision Course: Ronald Reagan, the Air Traffic Controllers, and the Strike that Changed America. Oxford University Press, 2011.
Millard, Candice. "Destiny of the Republic: A Tale of Madness, Medicine, and the Murder of a President." Chicago: Anchor Books, 2012.
Naff, Alixa. Becoming American: The Early Arab Immigrant Experience. University of Illinois Press, 1993.
Ngai, Mae M. Impossible Subjects: Illegal Aliens and the Making of Modern America. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2004.
Oliver, Thomas. The Real Coke, The Real Story. New York: Random House, 1986.
Pendergrast, Mark. For God, Country, and Coca-Cola: The Definitive History of the Great American Soft Drink and the Company That Makes It. New York: Basic Books, 2000.
Pryor, Elizabeth Brown. Clara Barton: Professional Angel. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1987.
Reilly, Tom. Cromwell: An Honourable Enemy - The Untold Story of the Cromwellian Invasion of Ireland. Dublin: Gill Books, 2012.
Reeder, Carolyn. Clara Barton: Civil War Nurse. Mankato: Capstone Press, 2006.
Robert J. Miller, "Native America, Discovered and Conquered: Thomas Jefferson, Lewis & Clark, and Manifest Destiny" (Praeger, 2008).
Sargent, Dudley Allen. Dudley Allen Sargent: An Autobiography. Edited by Ledyard W. Sargent. Introduction by R. Tait McKenzie. Chicago: Kessinger Publishing, June 13, 2008.
Sargent, Dudley Allen. Anthropometric Apparatus: With Directions For Measuring And Testing The Principal Physical Characteristics Of The Human Body. Illustrated Paperback. July 18, 2023.
Sargent, Dudley Allen. Physical Education. Legare Street Press, 2022.
Solnit, Rebecca. "River of Shadows: Eadweard Muybridge and the Technological Wild West." Viking, 2003.
Stross, Randall E. 2007. The Wizard of Menlo Park: How Thomas Alva Edison Invented the Modern World. New York: Crown Publishers.
Takaki, Ronald. Strangers from a Different Shore: A History of Asian Americans. Boston: Little, Brown and Company, 1989.
The Hidden Consumer: Masculinities, Fashion, and City Life 1860-1914. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1999.
U.S. Department of the Interior. Treaty of 1855: Nez Perce Land Cession and Promises. Government Printing Office, 1855.
Wasson, Woodrow W. James A. Garfield, His Religion and Education: A Study in the Religious and Educational Thought and Activity of an American Statesman. Paperback, Literary Licensing, LLC, June 30, 2012.
White, Ronald C. Railroaded: The Transcontinentals and the Making of Modern America. New York: W. W. Norton & Company, 2011.
Westly, Erica. Fastpitch: The Untold History of Softball and the Women Who Made the Game. Illustrated. Touchstone, April 4, 2017. Reprint edition.
Zinn, Howard. A People's History of the United States. Harper Perennial Modern Classics, 2005.