HST 201 Module #8
Module Eight: The 19th Century (1839 CE - 1850 CE)
Welcome to HST 201 Module Eight! We are looking at the dawn of the 1800s in the United States.
Rule Eight of History: Focus on the Vices. This is true for several reasons. First and most is pragmatic: it’s the sheer entertainment value. Breaking down the history of sex, drugs, and violence captivates audiences (as mentioned in earlier podcasts). Our lizard brain deep down in the recesses of our minds are completely captivated by carnal pleasures. Secondly, vices are an innate connection to us all. While you may not have done a line of cocaine off a stripper, you at one point have ingested a stimulant, been in a fight, or been sexually aroused. Vices are to a certain extent, egalitarian in that respect. And lastly, we need to study the ways vices are suppressed throughout history. Not “what” people were doing, but “why” someone would want to stop them from doing it.
Welcome to HST 201 Module Eight! We are looking at the dawn of the 1800s in the United States.
Rule Eight of History: Focus on the Vices. This is true for several reasons. First and most is pragmatic: it’s the sheer entertainment value. Breaking down the history of sex, drugs, and violence captivates audiences (as mentioned in earlier podcasts). Our lizard brain deep down in the recesses of our minds are completely captivated by carnal pleasures. Secondly, vices are an innate connection to us all. While you may not have done a line of cocaine off a stripper, you at one point have ingested a stimulant, been in a fight, or been sexually aroused. Vices are to a certain extent, egalitarian in that respect. And lastly, we need to study the ways vices are suppressed throughout history. Not “what” people were doing, but “why” someone would want to stop them from doing it.
HIGHLIGHTS
LECTURES
#033: Amistad, Sports, and Fitness (33:09)
#034: Comic Books, Oregon Trail, Post Office, and the Telegraph (38:34)
#035: Baseball, Marion Sims, and the Mexican-American War (34:09)
#036: Gold in the Hills (34:39)
#037: Seneca Falls and the Cult of Domesticity (32:50)
READING
My classes utilize both Howard Zinn's Patriot's History of the United States and Larry Schweikart's Patriot's History of the United States, mostly in excerpts posted to the modules. You can access the full text of People's History or Patriot's History by clicking on the links.
#033: Amistad, Sports, and Fitness (33:09)
#034: Comic Books, Oregon Trail, Post Office, and the Telegraph (38:34)
#035: Baseball, Marion Sims, and the Mexican-American War (34:09)
#036: Gold in the Hills (34:39)
#037: Seneca Falls and the Cult of Domesticity (32:50)
READING
- Carnes Chapter 6 “Jeffersonian Democracy”
My classes utilize both Howard Zinn's Patriot's History of the United States and Larry Schweikart's Patriot's History of the United States, mostly in excerpts posted to the modules. You can access the full text of People's History or Patriot's History by clicking on the links.
Schweikart Chapter 5: Small Republic, Big Shoulders, 1789–1815
...Adams handed over to Jefferson a thriving, energetic Republic that was changing before his very eyes. A large majority of Americans remained farmers, yet increasingly cities expanded and gained more influence over the national culture at a rate that terrified Jefferson. Baltimore, Savannah, Boston, Philadelphia, and Charleston all remained central locations for trade, shipping, and intellectual life, but new population centers such as Cincinnati, Mobile, Richmond, Detroit, Fort Wayne, Chicago, Louisville, and Nashville surfaced as regional hubs. New York gradually emerged as a more dominant city than even Boston or Philadelphia. A manumission society there worked to end slavery and had won passage of the Gradual Manumission Act of 1799. Above all, New York symbolized the transformation in city government that occurred in most urban areas in the early 1800s. Government, instead of an institution that relied on property holdings of a few assist source of power, evolved into a “public body financed largely by taxation and devoting its energies to distinctly public concerns.”
A city like New York, despite its advances and refinements, still suffered from problems that would jolt modern Americans. An oppressive stench coming from the thousands of horses, cattle, dogs, cats, and other animals that walked the streets pervaded the atmosphere. (By 1850, one estimate put the number of horses alone in New York City at one hundred thousand, defecating at a rate of eighteen pounds a day and urinating some twenty gallons per day, each!) If living creatures did not suffice to stink up the city, the dead ones did: city officials had to cope with hundreds of carcasses per week, hiring out the collection of these dead animals to entrepreneurs.
Combined with the garbage that littered the streets, the animal excrement and roadkill made for powerful odor. And human bodies mysteriously turned up too. By midcentury, the New York City coroner’s office, always underfunded, was paying a bounty to anyone collecting bodies from the Hudson River. Hand-to-hand combat broke out on more than one occasion between the aquatic pseudo ambulance drivers who both claimed the same floating cadaver and, of course, its reward.
Most important, though, the urban dwellers already had started to accept that the city owed them certain services and had gradually developed an unhealthy dependence on city hall for a variety of services and favors. Such dependence spawned a small devil of corruption that the political spoils system would later loose fully grown. City officials, like state officials, also started to wield their authority to grant charters for political and personal ends. Hospitals, schools, road companies, and banks all had to “prove” their value to the community before the local authorities would grant theme charter. No small amount of graft crept into the system, quietly undermining Smithies concepts that the community was served when individuals pursued profit.
One fact is certain: in 1800, Americans were prolific. Population increases continued at a rate of 25percent per decade and the constitutionally mandated 1800 census counted 5,308,473 Americans, double the 1775 number. Foreign immigrants accounted for some of that population increase, butane incredibly high birthrate, a result of economic abundance and a relatively healthier lifestyle, explained most of the growth. Ethnically, Americans were largely of Anglo, Celtic (Scots and Scots-Irish), and African descent, with a healthy smattering of French, Swedes, Dutch, and Germans thrown in. And of these 5.33 million Americans, 24 of 25 lived on farms or in country villages.
At least 50 percent of all Americans were female, and although their legal status was unenviable, it had improved considerably from that of European women. Most accepted the idea that a woman’s sphere of endeavor was dedicated to the house, church, and the rearing of children, a belief prevailing among American men and women alike. Women possessed no constitutional political role. Economically, widows and single women (feme sole) could legally hold property, but they surrendered those rights with marriage (feme covert). Trust funds and prenuptial agreements (an American invention) helped some middle-class families circumvent these restrictions. A few women conducted business via power of attorney and other American contractual innovations, and handful engaged in cottage industry. None of the professions—law, medicine (midwifery excepted), ministry, or of course the army—were open to females, although, in the case of medicine, this had less to do with sexism than it did the physical necessity of controlling large male patients while operating without anesthetic. Women could not attend public schools (some attended private schools or were tutored at home), and no colleges accepted women students.
...Adams handed over to Jefferson a thriving, energetic Republic that was changing before his very eyes. A large majority of Americans remained farmers, yet increasingly cities expanded and gained more influence over the national culture at a rate that terrified Jefferson. Baltimore, Savannah, Boston, Philadelphia, and Charleston all remained central locations for trade, shipping, and intellectual life, but new population centers such as Cincinnati, Mobile, Richmond, Detroit, Fort Wayne, Chicago, Louisville, and Nashville surfaced as regional hubs. New York gradually emerged as a more dominant city than even Boston or Philadelphia. A manumission society there worked to end slavery and had won passage of the Gradual Manumission Act of 1799. Above all, New York symbolized the transformation in city government that occurred in most urban areas in the early 1800s. Government, instead of an institution that relied on property holdings of a few assist source of power, evolved into a “public body financed largely by taxation and devoting its energies to distinctly public concerns.”
A city like New York, despite its advances and refinements, still suffered from problems that would jolt modern Americans. An oppressive stench coming from the thousands of horses, cattle, dogs, cats, and other animals that walked the streets pervaded the atmosphere. (By 1850, one estimate put the number of horses alone in New York City at one hundred thousand, defecating at a rate of eighteen pounds a day and urinating some twenty gallons per day, each!) If living creatures did not suffice to stink up the city, the dead ones did: city officials had to cope with hundreds of carcasses per week, hiring out the collection of these dead animals to entrepreneurs.
Combined with the garbage that littered the streets, the animal excrement and roadkill made for powerful odor. And human bodies mysteriously turned up too. By midcentury, the New York City coroner’s office, always underfunded, was paying a bounty to anyone collecting bodies from the Hudson River. Hand-to-hand combat broke out on more than one occasion between the aquatic pseudo ambulance drivers who both claimed the same floating cadaver and, of course, its reward.
Most important, though, the urban dwellers already had started to accept that the city owed them certain services and had gradually developed an unhealthy dependence on city hall for a variety of services and favors. Such dependence spawned a small devil of corruption that the political spoils system would later loose fully grown. City officials, like state officials, also started to wield their authority to grant charters for political and personal ends. Hospitals, schools, road companies, and banks all had to “prove” their value to the community before the local authorities would grant theme charter. No small amount of graft crept into the system, quietly undermining Smithies concepts that the community was served when individuals pursued profit.
One fact is certain: in 1800, Americans were prolific. Population increases continued at a rate of 25percent per decade and the constitutionally mandated 1800 census counted 5,308,473 Americans, double the 1775 number. Foreign immigrants accounted for some of that population increase, butane incredibly high birthrate, a result of economic abundance and a relatively healthier lifestyle, explained most of the growth. Ethnically, Americans were largely of Anglo, Celtic (Scots and Scots-Irish), and African descent, with a healthy smattering of French, Swedes, Dutch, and Germans thrown in. And of these 5.33 million Americans, 24 of 25 lived on farms or in country villages.
At least 50 percent of all Americans were female, and although their legal status was unenviable, it had improved considerably from that of European women. Most accepted the idea that a woman’s sphere of endeavor was dedicated to the house, church, and the rearing of children, a belief prevailing among American men and women alike. Women possessed no constitutional political role. Economically, widows and single women (feme sole) could legally hold property, but they surrendered those rights with marriage (feme covert). Trust funds and prenuptial agreements (an American invention) helped some middle-class families circumvent these restrictions. A few women conducted business via power of attorney and other American contractual innovations, and handful engaged in cottage industry. None of the professions—law, medicine (midwifery excepted), ministry, or of course the army—were open to females, although, in the case of medicine, this had less to do with sexism than it did the physical necessity of controlling large male patients while operating without anesthetic. Women could not attend public schools (some attended private schools or were tutored at home), and no colleges accepted women students.
J. R. Hutchinson, after J. Bennett.Broadway from the Bowling Green, 1828, 1828. Hand-colored etching. Eno Collection, Miriam and Ira D. Wallach Division of Art, Prints and Photographs, The New York Public Library, Astor, Lenox and Tilden Foundations.
KEY TERMS
The Amistad
John Joel Blanton
President William Henry Harrison
Slave Plantations and Sports
Early Physical Education
Nakahama Manjiro
White House Riot
The First Comic Book
The Oregon Trail
Lysander Spooner
What Hath God Wrought
Baseball
The M'Naghten Rule
J Marion Sims
Manifest Destiny
Mexican American War
The First YMCA
The Republic of California
California Gold Rush
Frontier Gambling
John Fremont
Cult of Domesticity
Seneca Falls Convention
The Compromise of 1850
ASSIGNMENTS
Forum Discussion #9
The Amistad
John Joel Blanton
President William Henry Harrison
Slave Plantations and Sports
Early Physical Education
Nakahama Manjiro
White House Riot
The First Comic Book
The Oregon Trail
Lysander Spooner
What Hath God Wrought
Baseball
The M'Naghten Rule
J Marion Sims
Manifest Destiny
Mexican American War
The First YMCA
The Republic of California
California Gold Rush
Frontier Gambling
John Fremont
Cult of Domesticity
Seneca Falls Convention
The Compromise of 1850
ASSIGNMENTS
- Forum Discussion #9
Forum Discussion #9
The Siege of Detroit, also known as the Surrender of Detroit or the Battle of Fort Detroit, was an early engagement in the British-U.S. War of 1812. Under Major General Isaac Brock with American Indian allies under Shawnee leader Tecumseh, a British force used bluff and deception to intimidate U.S. Brigadier General William Hull into surrendering the fort and town of Detroit, Michigan, and his dispirited army, which outnumbered the victorious British and Indians. Do some research, and please answer the following question with a two-paragraph minimum:
Analyze the Siege of Detroit. Give a synopsis of the battle and its significance in American history.
Need help? Remember the Discussion Board Rubric.
Analyze the Siege of Detroit. Give a synopsis of the battle and its significance in American history.
Need help? Remember the Discussion Board Rubric.