HST 150 Module #11
From Point A to Point
Throughout history, transportation and logistics have been crucial in shaping the global movement of people, goods, and ideas. From the earliest days of trade routes and caravan networks to the modern-day global supply chains, these systems have facilitated economic expansion, cultural exchange, and geopolitical domination. Nevertheless, they have also wrought havoc on the environment, society, and politics, demonstrating these complex systems' intricate and ever-changing nature.
The Silk Road - one of the earliest expeditions of transportation and logistics in the history of our planet. It was a web of trade routes that intertwined the Mediterranean world with China and other regions of Asia. This marvel commenced its journey circa 200 BCE and persisted until the 14th century. The Silk Road was a channel for conveying many riches - silk, spices, precious metals, and other extravagant items. But it wasn't just about material possessions; it also facilitated the dissemination of novel concepts and inventions such as Buddhism and gunpowder. The passage of disease, warfare, and exploitation was also a reality that it enabled. Alas, every rose has its thorn, and the Silk Road was no exception.
If there's one thing history has taught us, it's that the quest for exploration and power often comes with a hefty price tag. Take the Age of Exploration, for instance. This epic era, which kicked off in the 15th century, saw European nations venturing far and wide to claim the Americas, Africa, and Asia. And boy, did they make waves! Maritime technology underwent a significant overhaul, with game-changing inventions like the caravel and the astrolabe revolutionizing how sailors navigated the high seas.
Meanwhile, global trade networks blossomed, ushering in an era of unprecedented wealth and power for the European empires that controlled them. But like any great adventure, the Age of Exploration had its dark side. Diseases like smallpox ran rampant, decimating populations that had no natural immunity. Indigenous peoples were often forced into labor or displaced from their homelands. And let's not forget the environmental toll: the extraction of resources on a massive scale left many local ecosystems in ruins.
As we hurtle further into the future, transportation and logistics have undergone a remarkable metamorphosis. Containerization, air travel, and digital communication have culminated in an intricate and interconnected system, allowing for the swift movement of goods and humans across great expanses. This paradigm shift has ushered in an era of globalized markets, outsourcing of labor, and a slew of pioneering industries and technologies. Yet, this progress has not come without its share of unintended consequences, including the degradation of our environment, the deepening of social inequality, and the destabilization of politics. To compound these issues, the intricate supply chains that enable this new order have proven vulnerable to disruptions such as natural calamities and pandemics.
To dig deep into transportation and logistics, you must understand the history. It is not just about moving stuff from point A to point B, man. It's about the bigger picture, the economic, social, and political forces that drive these systems. You have to take a long, hard look at how things have changed over time, how they've adapted to new challenges and seized new opportunities. That's the key to understanding the strengths and weaknesses of transportation and logistics and how they fit into the broader world of sustainable development and global cooperation. But that's not all, folks! By studying transportation and logistics, you can unlock the secrets of human civilization itself. From the earliest days of writing systems and navigation tools to the cutting-edge digital platforms and automation we see today. It's a wild ride, but if you're willing to strap in and hold on tight, you might learn something that'll blow your mind.
Transportation and logistics have shaped world history, driving people, goods, and ideas across vast expanses of time and space. While their impact has been grand, they have wrought their share of ill effects on the environment, society, and politics. Yet through studying these forces, we may better comprehend their intricate and ever-changing nature and, in doing so, harness their potential for both advancement and ruin. With this understanding, we may craft policies and practices that foster sustainable and fair progress while deepening our appreciation for human civilization's storied history and diverse tapestry.
THE RUNDOWN
- Throughout history, transportation and logistics have been crucial in shaping the global movement of people, goods, and ideas.
- The Silk Road was one of the earliest expeditions of transportation and logistics in history, facilitating economic expansion, cultural exchange, and geopolitical domination.
- The Age of Exploration saw European nations venturing far and wide to claim the Americas, Africa, and Asia, revolutionizing maritime technology and global trade networks but also causing diseases, forced labor, displacement, and environmental degradation.
- Containerization, air travel, and digital communication have culminated in an intricate and interconnected system, allowing for the swift movement of goods and humans across great expanses, ushering in an era of globalized markets, outsourcing of labor, and pioneering industries and technologies.
- However, this progress has come with unintended consequences, including the degradation of the environment, deepening social inequality, and destabilization of politics, and supply chains' vulnerability to disruptions such as natural calamities and pandemics.
- By studying transportation and logistics, we may better comprehend their intricate and ever-changing nature, craft policies and practices that foster sustainable and fair progress, and deepen our appreciation for human civilization's storied history and diverse tapestry.
QUESTIONS
- How has transportation and logistics played a pivotal role in shaping the movement of people, goods, and ideas throughout history? What are some notable examples, such as the Silk Road and the Age of Exploration, that demonstrate the impact of these systems?
- What are some of the unintended consequences of transportation and logistics on the environment, society, and politics? How have these systems adapted to new challenges and seized new opportunities over time?
- How has the transformation of transportation and logistics, from containerization to digital communication, ushered in an era of globalized markets and outsourcing of labor? What are the strengths and weaknesses of these systems, and how do they fit into the broader world of sustainable development and global cooperation?
#11 Avoid Pseudohistory
In examining the vast and complex tapestry of human experience, history has emerged as a vital tool for comprehending our past, illuminating our present, and shaping our future. But let us not be blinded by the illusion that all historical narratives are equal, for there exists a dangerous phenomenon known as pseudohistory. Pseudohistory is a deceitful form of historical writing that perverts or obfuscates the truth, often masquerading behind the guise of legitimate historical inquiry. Its tentacles can be found woven throughout the pages of books, articles, and speeches, and its influence has the potential to warp our understanding of the past.
Indeed, the danger of pseudohistory cannot be understated. To fully appreciate this dangerous force, we must examine its defining characteristics, scrutinize its insidious methods, and recognize its historical manifestations. From the whitewashing of genocidal campaigns to the romanticization of brutal colonialism, pseudohistory distorts the past and undermines our capacity to learn from it. Therefore, we must be vigilant in our pursuit of historical knowledge, perpetually wary of the seductive allure of pseudohistory. Only through a clear-eyed appraisal of our past can we hope to shape a better future.
Pseudohistory is Unfalsifiable: The thing about pseudohistory is that it's as slippery as a greased-up eel. You can't pin it down, can't prove it wrong, can't verify it, no matter how hard you try. It's like trying to catch a ghost with a butterfly net. Take the case of Christopher Columbus. Some folks still swear up and down that he was the first cat to look at America. But come on now, let's get real. There were already people living in these parts long before he showed up. It's like saying you discovered a party that's been going on for hours before you arrived. It doesn't add up, and you can't argue with the facts.
Pseudohistory relies heavily on anecdotes: Here's the thing about pseudohistory - it's like a bowl of soup made entirely of stories. These so-called writers, they'll grab a juicy tale or two and use them to prop up their grandiose claims about history. Take, for instance, the notion that extraterrestrial beings cruised down to our humble planet and lent a hand in constructing the pyramids. Now that's a tale as tall as a camel's hump! But let me tell you, it's based on hearsay and completely disregards the solid evidence that skilled human workers were behind those significant structures. Don't be fooled, my friends - true history is about facts and critical thinking, not just a bunch of wild tales thrown together.
Pseudohistory cherry picks: It's a lot like going to a fruit stand and only picking the cherries while ignoring all the other fruits. Pseudohistorical writers do the same thing with evidence to support their claims. They'll grab onto the bits that fit their narrative and disregard anything that doesn't. Take, for instance, the Holocaust deniers. Despite an overwhelming amount of evidence proving the occurrence of this horrific event, these individuals will cherry-pick their sources, taking only what they need to support their twisted view of history. But that's not how the truth works, and it's not how history works. We need to take a more nuanced approach that accounts for all the facts, even the uncomfortable ones.
Pseudohistory uses obfuscation: These pseudohistorical writers they're crafty little devils. They don't just sling malarky; they try to make it sound like they know what they're talking about. They'll toss around big words, technical terms, and jargon like it's confetti at a parade. And why? To confuse you, to bamboozle you, to make you think that their wild claims are somehow legit. But don't be fooled, folks. This obfuscation tactic is just a smokescreen for their lack of evidence. They can't prove their theories, so they try to hide behind fancy words and confusing language. Take, for instance, the flat-earth loonies. They'll spout nonsense, but what do you find when you strip away the linguistic camouflage? No scientific evidence, that's what.
Pseudohistory lacks plausible mechanisms: These scribblers of pseudohistorical tomes often make grandiose claims without evidence to back them up. Nay, they offer no reasonable explanation for the extraordinary happenings they speak of. Behold, some of these fanciful folk would have you believe that beings constructed the great pyramids, not of this world, ancient aliens who traversed the vast reaches of space to aid us, mere mortals, in our quest to build monuments to our greatness. But tell me, pray, how did these extraterrestrial entities travel to our world, and for what purpose did they choose to assist us in such a manner? Verily, there is no sound reasoning behind these outlandish assertions. Some among us are so enamored with the mysteries of the past that they would rather cling to fanciful tales than confront the hard truths of history.
Pseudohistory is unchanging: The peddlers of pseudohistory are notorious for their reluctance to entertain alternative interpretations or fresh evidence that might challenge their claims. Even with overwhelming proof, they tenaciously cling to their pet theories. Take, for example, the case of William Shakespeare. Despite a mountain of evidence attesting to his authorship of the great literary works that bear his name, some argue otherwise. These pseudohistorians remain steadfast in their convictions, refusing to acknowledge any new evidence or alternative explanations that support the widely accepted view that Shakespeare did indeed pen his plays. This stubbornness, often found among those who traffic in pseudohistory, is a warning. It reminds us of the dangers of willful ignorance and the importance of critically evaluating evidence and considering alternative viewpoints in our quest for historical truth.
Pseudohistory makes extraordinary/exaggerated claims: Pseudohistory is when people make bold, wild claims without proof to back them up. These so-called "pseudohistorical writers" like to spin tales that don't have enough evidence to hold water or require a mountain of proof even to begin to make sense. Take, for instance, those who claim the Illuminati run the whole dang world. But ask them for some solid evidence, and you'll likely get a lot of hot air instead.
Pseudohistory professes certainty: In history, there have been a lot of snake oil salesmen peddling their wares. These pseudohistorical scribes strut around, promising certainty and spewing absolute truths like a carnival barker hawking their goods. But the thing is, history is rarely so clear-cut. It's a complex tapestry of events, people, and ideas, woven together in ways that often defy easy categorization. For instance, the notion that the United States was founded as a Christian nation. It's a claim usually made with great conviction by those who would rewrite our past. But scratch the surface, and you'll find that it's a gross oversimplification, ignoring the nuanced views of the founding fathers, many of whom were deeply skeptical of organized religion. This kind of reductionism gives pseudohistory a lousy name and cheapens the richness of our collective heritage.
Pseudohistory commits logical fallacies: So you've got these pseudohistorians, right? And they're out there making claims that don't have any factual basis. And to make matters worse, they're using all these logical fallacies to try and distract you from the fact that they don't have any evidence to back up what they're saying. It's like they're trying to pull a fast one on you. Take the climate change deniers, for instance. They'll throw out all these straw man arguments, trying to make it seem like the science behind climate change is flawed or incomplete. But really, they're just trying to deflect attention away from the overwhelming evidence supporting climate change. It's a classic case of smoke and mirrors, and it's just not cool.
Pseudohistory lacks peer review: One of the telltale signs of pseudohistory is the absence of peer review. Now, I'm not talkin' about no ordinary peer review; I'm talkin' about the kind that separates the true scholars from the phonies. In science and academia, peer review is the holy grail, where experts scrutinize a study or research paper and tear it apart like hungry vultures. But these pseudohistorical writers don't have the stones for that kind of heat. They publish their outrageous claims in some self-published book or sketchy online forum without even one external review or critique. And that's how the lies and the nonsense start to spread like a disease, infecting unsuspecting minds with their baseless claims.
Pseudohistory claims a conspiracy: In the murky world of pseudohistorical scribblers, a common refrain echoes throughout their ranks: a sinister plot conspires to quash their ideas. Their plaintive cry, oft-repeated, seeks to elucidate the lack of support their fanciful notions receive from the academic fraternity. Their proclamations bear witness to this dark mindset. Verily, some avow that the scientific community is the puppet master behind a grand deception, withholding evidence of Bigfoot's existence from the eyes of the world. This claim, bereft of proof, only diverts attention from the lack of empirical data bolstering the claim of Bigfoot's reality.
In examining the rule of history, we must be vigilant against the scourge of pseudohistory. This is a matter of utmost importance for several compelling reasons:
Pseudohistory is nothing but a load of baloney. It's like a fake scholar trying to bend the truth to their will. And how do we know it's pseudohistory? Well, it's full of unprovable stories, little snippets of evidence plucked out of context, and tough talk that makes it hard to see what's happening. There needs to be an accurate method to the madness, no clear path to understanding the past. Instead, it's a mishmash of half-truths and wild claims without any logical basis or sound reasoning. And don't forget those crazy conspiracy theories! If you want to avoid getting caught up in this nonsense, you've got to be smart about it. You've got to know the signs and pseudohistory markers that give it away. Watch out for claims that can't be tested or proved, for stories that don't make sense, and for people who resist new evidence or different explanations. In short, folks, if you want to be an accurate historian, you've got to learn to tell the wheat from the chaff. You've got to seek out the peer review, logical arguments, and hard facts. Only then can you truly appreciate the beauty and rigor of genuine historical research.
THE RUNDOWN
In examining the vast and complex tapestry of human experience, history has emerged as a vital tool for comprehending our past, illuminating our present, and shaping our future. But let us not be blinded by the illusion that all historical narratives are equal, for there exists a dangerous phenomenon known as pseudohistory. Pseudohistory is a deceitful form of historical writing that perverts or obfuscates the truth, often masquerading behind the guise of legitimate historical inquiry. Its tentacles can be found woven throughout the pages of books, articles, and speeches, and its influence has the potential to warp our understanding of the past.
Indeed, the danger of pseudohistory cannot be understated. To fully appreciate this dangerous force, we must examine its defining characteristics, scrutinize its insidious methods, and recognize its historical manifestations. From the whitewashing of genocidal campaigns to the romanticization of brutal colonialism, pseudohistory distorts the past and undermines our capacity to learn from it. Therefore, we must be vigilant in our pursuit of historical knowledge, perpetually wary of the seductive allure of pseudohistory. Only through a clear-eyed appraisal of our past can we hope to shape a better future.
Pseudohistory is Unfalsifiable: The thing about pseudohistory is that it's as slippery as a greased-up eel. You can't pin it down, can't prove it wrong, can't verify it, no matter how hard you try. It's like trying to catch a ghost with a butterfly net. Take the case of Christopher Columbus. Some folks still swear up and down that he was the first cat to look at America. But come on now, let's get real. There were already people living in these parts long before he showed up. It's like saying you discovered a party that's been going on for hours before you arrived. It doesn't add up, and you can't argue with the facts.
Pseudohistory relies heavily on anecdotes: Here's the thing about pseudohistory - it's like a bowl of soup made entirely of stories. These so-called writers, they'll grab a juicy tale or two and use them to prop up their grandiose claims about history. Take, for instance, the notion that extraterrestrial beings cruised down to our humble planet and lent a hand in constructing the pyramids. Now that's a tale as tall as a camel's hump! But let me tell you, it's based on hearsay and completely disregards the solid evidence that skilled human workers were behind those significant structures. Don't be fooled, my friends - true history is about facts and critical thinking, not just a bunch of wild tales thrown together.
Pseudohistory cherry picks: It's a lot like going to a fruit stand and only picking the cherries while ignoring all the other fruits. Pseudohistorical writers do the same thing with evidence to support their claims. They'll grab onto the bits that fit their narrative and disregard anything that doesn't. Take, for instance, the Holocaust deniers. Despite an overwhelming amount of evidence proving the occurrence of this horrific event, these individuals will cherry-pick their sources, taking only what they need to support their twisted view of history. But that's not how the truth works, and it's not how history works. We need to take a more nuanced approach that accounts for all the facts, even the uncomfortable ones.
Pseudohistory uses obfuscation: These pseudohistorical writers they're crafty little devils. They don't just sling malarky; they try to make it sound like they know what they're talking about. They'll toss around big words, technical terms, and jargon like it's confetti at a parade. And why? To confuse you, to bamboozle you, to make you think that their wild claims are somehow legit. But don't be fooled, folks. This obfuscation tactic is just a smokescreen for their lack of evidence. They can't prove their theories, so they try to hide behind fancy words and confusing language. Take, for instance, the flat-earth loonies. They'll spout nonsense, but what do you find when you strip away the linguistic camouflage? No scientific evidence, that's what.
Pseudohistory lacks plausible mechanisms: These scribblers of pseudohistorical tomes often make grandiose claims without evidence to back them up. Nay, they offer no reasonable explanation for the extraordinary happenings they speak of. Behold, some of these fanciful folk would have you believe that beings constructed the great pyramids, not of this world, ancient aliens who traversed the vast reaches of space to aid us, mere mortals, in our quest to build monuments to our greatness. But tell me, pray, how did these extraterrestrial entities travel to our world, and for what purpose did they choose to assist us in such a manner? Verily, there is no sound reasoning behind these outlandish assertions. Some among us are so enamored with the mysteries of the past that they would rather cling to fanciful tales than confront the hard truths of history.
Pseudohistory is unchanging: The peddlers of pseudohistory are notorious for their reluctance to entertain alternative interpretations or fresh evidence that might challenge their claims. Even with overwhelming proof, they tenaciously cling to their pet theories. Take, for example, the case of William Shakespeare. Despite a mountain of evidence attesting to his authorship of the great literary works that bear his name, some argue otherwise. These pseudohistorians remain steadfast in their convictions, refusing to acknowledge any new evidence or alternative explanations that support the widely accepted view that Shakespeare did indeed pen his plays. This stubbornness, often found among those who traffic in pseudohistory, is a warning. It reminds us of the dangers of willful ignorance and the importance of critically evaluating evidence and considering alternative viewpoints in our quest for historical truth.
Pseudohistory makes extraordinary/exaggerated claims: Pseudohistory is when people make bold, wild claims without proof to back them up. These so-called "pseudohistorical writers" like to spin tales that don't have enough evidence to hold water or require a mountain of proof even to begin to make sense. Take, for instance, those who claim the Illuminati run the whole dang world. But ask them for some solid evidence, and you'll likely get a lot of hot air instead.
Pseudohistory professes certainty: In history, there have been a lot of snake oil salesmen peddling their wares. These pseudohistorical scribes strut around, promising certainty and spewing absolute truths like a carnival barker hawking their goods. But the thing is, history is rarely so clear-cut. It's a complex tapestry of events, people, and ideas, woven together in ways that often defy easy categorization. For instance, the notion that the United States was founded as a Christian nation. It's a claim usually made with great conviction by those who would rewrite our past. But scratch the surface, and you'll find that it's a gross oversimplification, ignoring the nuanced views of the founding fathers, many of whom were deeply skeptical of organized religion. This kind of reductionism gives pseudohistory a lousy name and cheapens the richness of our collective heritage.
Pseudohistory commits logical fallacies: So you've got these pseudohistorians, right? And they're out there making claims that don't have any factual basis. And to make matters worse, they're using all these logical fallacies to try and distract you from the fact that they don't have any evidence to back up what they're saying. It's like they're trying to pull a fast one on you. Take the climate change deniers, for instance. They'll throw out all these straw man arguments, trying to make it seem like the science behind climate change is flawed or incomplete. But really, they're just trying to deflect attention away from the overwhelming evidence supporting climate change. It's a classic case of smoke and mirrors, and it's just not cool.
Pseudohistory lacks peer review: One of the telltale signs of pseudohistory is the absence of peer review. Now, I'm not talkin' about no ordinary peer review; I'm talkin' about the kind that separates the true scholars from the phonies. In science and academia, peer review is the holy grail, where experts scrutinize a study or research paper and tear it apart like hungry vultures. But these pseudohistorical writers don't have the stones for that kind of heat. They publish their outrageous claims in some self-published book or sketchy online forum without even one external review or critique. And that's how the lies and the nonsense start to spread like a disease, infecting unsuspecting minds with their baseless claims.
Pseudohistory claims a conspiracy: In the murky world of pseudohistorical scribblers, a common refrain echoes throughout their ranks: a sinister plot conspires to quash their ideas. Their plaintive cry, oft-repeated, seeks to elucidate the lack of support their fanciful notions receive from the academic fraternity. Their proclamations bear witness to this dark mindset. Verily, some avow that the scientific community is the puppet master behind a grand deception, withholding evidence of Bigfoot's existence from the eyes of the world. This claim, bereft of proof, only diverts attention from the lack of empirical data bolstering the claim of Bigfoot's reality.
In examining the rule of history, we must be vigilant against the scourge of pseudohistory. This is a matter of utmost importance for several compelling reasons:
- Comprehending the distinguishing traits of pseudohistory empowers us to identify and avoid false or misleading assertions about the past. This proficiency is of particular significance in an era marked by the epidemic of misinformation, where spurious claims can spread like wildfire on social media and other online platforms.
- The study of pseudohistory offers insight into the limitations and obstacles that beset historical research. History is not an exact science; historians must navigate through intricate sources and prejudices to uncover the truth about ancient events.
- Examining pseudohistory enables us to value the rigorous standards of academic research and peer review.
- Peer review is an indispensable component of academic research and guarantees that propositions are founded on evidence and sound reasoning. By grasping the process and protocols of academic research, we can develop a greater appreciation for the scientific method and the meticulousness that it demands.
Pseudohistory is nothing but a load of baloney. It's like a fake scholar trying to bend the truth to their will. And how do we know it's pseudohistory? Well, it's full of unprovable stories, little snippets of evidence plucked out of context, and tough talk that makes it hard to see what's happening. There needs to be an accurate method to the madness, no clear path to understanding the past. Instead, it's a mishmash of half-truths and wild claims without any logical basis or sound reasoning. And don't forget those crazy conspiracy theories! If you want to avoid getting caught up in this nonsense, you've got to be smart about it. You've got to know the signs and pseudohistory markers that give it away. Watch out for claims that can't be tested or proved, for stories that don't make sense, and for people who resist new evidence or different explanations. In short, folks, if you want to be an accurate historian, you've got to learn to tell the wheat from the chaff. You've got to seek out the peer review, logical arguments, and hard facts. Only then can you truly appreciate the beauty and rigor of genuine historical research.
THE RUNDOWN
- Pseudohistory is fake history that lies or confuses what happened. Sometimes it pretends to be actual history.
- Pseudohistory changes the past and makes it hard to learn from it.
- It can be proven right and mainly relies on stories.
- People who write pseudohistory only pick evidence that supports their ideas and make it hard to understand. They only like to think about other ideas that might agree with them.
- To learn real history, we must be careful and consider the evidence. We should always try to find the truth by looking at things carefully.
STATE OF THE WORLD
HIGHLIGHTS
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We've got some fine classroom lectures coming your way, all courtesy of the RPTM podcast. These lectures will take you on a wild ride through history, exploring everything from ancient civilizations and epic battles to scientific breakthroughs and artistic revolutions. The podcast will guide you through each lecture with its no-nonsense, straight-talking style, using various sources to give you the lowdown on each topic. You won't find any fancy-pants jargon or convoluted theories here, just plain and straightforward explanations anyone can understand. So sit back and prepare to soak up some knowledge.
LECTURES
LECTURES
- COMING SOON
READING
This class utilizes the following textbook:
Bentley, Jerry. Traditions & Encounter Volume 1 from Beginning to 1500, 7th ed.: McGraw Hill, 2021 .
Jerry H. Bentley was a historian and academic who specialized in world history, with a focus on cultural and economic exchange, comparative history, and the study of empires. He was a professor at the University of Hawaii and served as the President of the American Historical Association. Bentley wrote several books on world history and globalization, including "Old World Encounters" and he made significant contributions to the field. He passed away in 2014.
- Bentley, Chapter 21: Reaching Out: Cross Cultural Interactions
- Bentley, Chapter 22: Transoceanic Encounters and Global Connections
This class utilizes the following textbook:
Bentley, Jerry. Traditions & Encounter Volume 1 from Beginning to 1500, 7th ed.: McGraw Hill, 2021 .
Jerry H. Bentley was a historian and academic who specialized in world history, with a focus on cultural and economic exchange, comparative history, and the study of empires. He was a professor at the University of Hawaii and served as the President of the American Historical Association. Bentley wrote several books on world history and globalization, including "Old World Encounters" and he made significant contributions to the field. He passed away in 2014.
Howard Zinn was a historian, writer, and political activist known for his critical analysis of American history. He is particularly well-known for his counter-narrative to traditional American history accounts and highlights marginalized groups' experiences and perspectives. Zinn's work is often associated with social history and is known for his Marxist and socialist views. Larry Schweikart is also a historian, but his work and perspective are often considered more conservative. Schweikart's work is often associated with military history, and he is known for his support of free-market economics and limited government. Overall, Zinn and Schweikart have different perspectives on various historical issues and events and may interpret historical events and phenomena differently. Occasionally, we will also look at Thaddeus Russell, a historian, author, and academic. Russell has written extensively on the history of social and cultural change, and his work focuses on how marginalized and oppressed groups have challenged and transformed mainstream culture. Russell is known for his unconventional and controversial ideas, and his work has been praised for its originality and provocative nature.
My classes utilize both Howard Zinn's A People's History of the United States and Larry Schweikart's Patriot's History of the United States, mostly in excerpts posted to the modules. You can access the full text of People's History or Patriot's History by clicking on the links.
My classes utilize both Howard Zinn's A People's History of the United States and Larry Schweikart's Patriot's History of the United States, mostly in excerpts posted to the modules. You can access the full text of People's History or Patriot's History by clicking on the links.
Zinn, A People's History of the United States
"... Between 1860 and 1910, the U.S. army, wiping out the Indian villages on the Great Plains, paved the way for the railroads to move in and take the best land. Then the farmers came for what was left. From 1860 to 1900 the population of the United States grew from 31 million to
75 million; now 20 million people lived west of the Mississippi, and the number of farms grew from 2 million to 6 million. With the crowded cities of the East needing food, the internal market for food was more than doubled; 82 percent of the farm produce was sold inside the
United States.
Farming became mechanized-steel plows, mowing machines, reapers, harvesters, improved cotton gins for pulling the fibers away from the seed, and, by the turn of the century, giant combines that cut the grain, threshed it, and put it in bags. In 1830 a bushel of wheat had taken three hours to produce. By 1900, it took ten minutes. Specialization developed by region: cotton and tobacco in the South, wheat and corn in the Midwest.
Land cost money, and machines cost money-so farmers had to borrow, hoping that the prices of their harvests would stay high, so they could pay the bank for the loan, the railroad for transportation, the grain merchant for handling their grain, the storage elevator for storing it. But they found the prices for their produce going down, and the prices of transportation and loans going up, because the individual farmer could not control the price of his grain, while the monopolist railroad and the monopolist banker could charge what they liked..."
"... Between 1860 and 1910, the U.S. army, wiping out the Indian villages on the Great Plains, paved the way for the railroads to move in and take the best land. Then the farmers came for what was left. From 1860 to 1900 the population of the United States grew from 31 million to
75 million; now 20 million people lived west of the Mississippi, and the number of farms grew from 2 million to 6 million. With the crowded cities of the East needing food, the internal market for food was more than doubled; 82 percent of the farm produce was sold inside the
United States.
Farming became mechanized-steel plows, mowing machines, reapers, harvesters, improved cotton gins for pulling the fibers away from the seed, and, by the turn of the century, giant combines that cut the grain, threshed it, and put it in bags. In 1830 a bushel of wheat had taken three hours to produce. By 1900, it took ten minutes. Specialization developed by region: cotton and tobacco in the South, wheat and corn in the Midwest.
Land cost money, and machines cost money-so farmers had to borrow, hoping that the prices of their harvests would stay high, so they could pay the bank for the loan, the railroad for transportation, the grain merchant for handling their grain, the storage elevator for storing it. But they found the prices for their produce going down, and the prices of transportation and loans going up, because the individual farmer could not control the price of his grain, while the monopolist railroad and the monopolist banker could charge what they liked..."
Larry Schweikart, A Patriot's History of the United States
"... By 1840 most states had railroads, although the Atlantic seaboard states had more than 60 percent of total rail mileage. Like the canals, many railroads received state backing. Some were constructed by individual entrepreneurs. But the high capital demands of the railroads, combined with the public’s desire to link up every burg by rail, led to states taking a growing role in the financing of American railroads.27 Railroads’ size and scope of operations required huge amounts of capital compared to textile mills or iron works. This dynamic forced them to adopt a new structure in which the multiple stockholder owners selected a professional manager to run the firm. By the 1840s, banks and railroads were inexorably linked, not only through the generation of capital, but also through the new layer of professional managers (many of them put in place by the banks that owned the majority stock positions). As transportation improved, communications networks also proliferated. Banks could evaluate the quality of private bank note issues through Dillistin’s Bank Note Reporter, which was widely circulated. The Cincinnati-based Bradstreet Company provided similar evaluation of businesses themselves. Investor knowledge benefited from the expansion of the U.S. Post Office, which had over 18,000 branches by 1850—one for every 1,300 people. Congress had a direct stake in the Post Office in that congressional apportionment was based on population, and since constituents clamored for new routes, there was a built-in bias in favor of expanding the postal network. Most routes did not even bear more than 1 percent of their cost, but that was irrelevant, given the political gains they represented. In addition to their value in apportionment, the postal branches offered legislators a free election tool. Congressmen shipped speeches and other election materials to constituents free, thanks to the franking privileges. Partisan concerns also linked post office branches and the party-controlled newspapers by reducing the cost of distribution through the mails. From 1800 to 1840, the number of newspapers transmitted through the mails rose from 2 million to almost 140 million at far cheaper rates than other printed matter. Postal historian Richard John estimated that if the newspapers had paid the same rate as other mails, the transmission costs would have been 700 times higher..."
"... By 1840 most states had railroads, although the Atlantic seaboard states had more than 60 percent of total rail mileage. Like the canals, many railroads received state backing. Some were constructed by individual entrepreneurs. But the high capital demands of the railroads, combined with the public’s desire to link up every burg by rail, led to states taking a growing role in the financing of American railroads.27 Railroads’ size and scope of operations required huge amounts of capital compared to textile mills or iron works. This dynamic forced them to adopt a new structure in which the multiple stockholder owners selected a professional manager to run the firm. By the 1840s, banks and railroads were inexorably linked, not only through the generation of capital, but also through the new layer of professional managers (many of them put in place by the banks that owned the majority stock positions). As transportation improved, communications networks also proliferated. Banks could evaluate the quality of private bank note issues through Dillistin’s Bank Note Reporter, which was widely circulated. The Cincinnati-based Bradstreet Company provided similar evaluation of businesses themselves. Investor knowledge benefited from the expansion of the U.S. Post Office, which had over 18,000 branches by 1850—one for every 1,300 people. Congress had a direct stake in the Post Office in that congressional apportionment was based on population, and since constituents clamored for new routes, there was a built-in bias in favor of expanding the postal network. Most routes did not even bear more than 1 percent of their cost, but that was irrelevant, given the political gains they represented. In addition to their value in apportionment, the postal branches offered legislators a free election tool. Congressmen shipped speeches and other election materials to constituents free, thanks to the franking privileges. Partisan concerns also linked post office branches and the party-controlled newspapers by reducing the cost of distribution through the mails. From 1800 to 1840, the number of newspapers transmitted through the mails rose from 2 million to almost 140 million at far cheaper rates than other printed matter. Postal historian Richard John estimated that if the newspapers had paid the same rate as other mails, the transmission costs would have been 700 times higher..."
Thaddeus Russell, A Renegade History of the United States
"... In the 1910s, semilegal vice commissions were formed in virtually every major city with the goal of the 'absolute annihilation of the Social Evil.' They carried ominous names like the New England Watch and Ward Society, the New York Committee of Fourteen, and the Los Angeles Morals Efficiency Committee. Headed by august gentlemen but staffed mostly by female social workers, the vice commissions conducted investigations using undercover agents, publicized their findings in local newspapers, and lobbied aggressively for municipal and state authorities to take action against brothels, madams, prostitutes, and their clients. Between 1910 and 1915, some thirty-five vice commissions issued reports declaring that prostitution was 'an intolerable fact of life.' Special courts were established to handle the new wave of prosecutions, including the Domestic Relations Court in Philadelphia, the Morals Court in Chicago, and the Women’s Court in New York. Several states built prostitute reformatories. Inmates were made to practice sewing, cleaning, and cooking. More often, judges sent convicted prostitutes to county workhouses. The federal government did its part in 1910 with the passage of the Mann Act, also called the White Slave Traffic Act, which made illegal the transportation of women across state lines for “immoral purposes.'..."
"... In the 1910s, semilegal vice commissions were formed in virtually every major city with the goal of the 'absolute annihilation of the Social Evil.' They carried ominous names like the New England Watch and Ward Society, the New York Committee of Fourteen, and the Los Angeles Morals Efficiency Committee. Headed by august gentlemen but staffed mostly by female social workers, the vice commissions conducted investigations using undercover agents, publicized their findings in local newspapers, and lobbied aggressively for municipal and state authorities to take action against brothels, madams, prostitutes, and their clients. Between 1910 and 1915, some thirty-five vice commissions issued reports declaring that prostitution was 'an intolerable fact of life.' Special courts were established to handle the new wave of prosecutions, including the Domestic Relations Court in Philadelphia, the Morals Court in Chicago, and the Women’s Court in New York. Several states built prostitute reformatories. Inmates were made to practice sewing, cleaning, and cooking. More often, judges sent convicted prostitutes to county workhouses. The federal government did its part in 1910 with the passage of the Mann Act, also called the White Slave Traffic Act, which made illegal the transportation of women across state lines for “immoral purposes.'..."
What Does Professor Lancaster Think?
A feverish expansion of transportation and communication networks marked the mid-19th century in the United States. The construction of railroads, telegraph lines, and other forms of infrastructure opened new vistas for economic growth and development. The banking industry quickly capitalized on these advances, allowing for the consolidation of wealth and the rise of monopolies. Meanwhile, large-scale agriculture became possible, but at the cost of exploiting labor and disrupting traditional ways of life. The benefits of these technological advances were undeniable, but they were not without their downsides. Farmers, in particular, faced significant financial challenges as they struggled to compete with industrialized agriculture. In response, vice commissions were established to combat prostitution, a scourge that had become increasingly common in urban areas. It is crucial to understand how technological progress can create new challenges and how different social groups may experience these changes in different ways. The expansion of transportation and communication networks in the mid-19th century offers a stark reminder that progress is not always linear and can come at a cost to marginalized or oppressed people. By examining both the positives and negatives of this expansion, we can gain valuable insights into the complex interplay between technology, society, and power.
So it goes that when transportation and communication networks expanded, the banking industry flourished like a rose in bloom. With railroads and telegraph lines reaching far and wide, exchanging goods and messages became a breeze. This boosted commerce and opened new avenues for banks to offer financial services and loans. President Lincoln played a part in this story when he signed the National Banking Act in 1863. This act created a national banking system and allowed banks to issue a new currency backed by government bonds. And so it went that the banking industry was stabilized, and businesses could access credit more quickly.
In the late 1800s, the expansion of railroads and other transportation methods paved the way for a new era of agriculture on a grand scale. Farmers were no longer confined to local markets, as they could easily transport their goods to distant markets. With this newfound mobility, farmers began to specialize in specific crops, leveraging economies of scale. And with the development of refrigerated railroad cars, farmers in the Midwest could now transport fresh beef and other meat products to the East Coast, giving rise to a new industry that relied on long-distance transportation and storage. This innovation not only brought a wider variety of food options to consumers, but it also allowed farmers to thrive on a larger scale, contributing to the growth of the nation's economy. As I savor each bite of this delicious meat, I can't help but appreciate the ingenuity and hard work that went into bringing it from the farm to my plate.
It's fascinating to consider the double-edged sword that progress can be. While getting caught up in the excitement of positive outcomes is easy, it's essential not to overlook the downsides. Take the advent of railroads and banking, for instance. Sure, these industries brought about a whole new era of efficiency and convenience, but they also gave rise to monopolies. The thing about trusts is that they're not inherently wrong; in fact, they can even be seen as a natural consequence of a competitive market. However, when a small number of companies gain an overwhelming market share, it becomes much easier for them to exert their power in ways detrimental to smaller players and consumers alike. And unfortunately, that's precisely what happened in the railroad and banking industries in the late 1800s. Back then, the railroad industry was dominated by a handful of major players, including heavyweights like the Pennsylvania Railroad, the New York Central Railroad, and the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad. These companies held so much sway that they could charge exorbitant prices and discriminate against smaller competitors. This could harm both consumers and the industry as a whole.
The rise of transportation and communication networks may have made it easier for farmers to expand their operations, but it also made them vulnerable to the whims of the market. Crop prices could plummet, leaving farmers in a complex financial state. In the late 1800s, a series of droughts and other factors brought about a decline in crop prices that hit farmers hard. The result? A widespread crisis that threatened the very existence of our farming communities. Desperate to keep their farms, many farmers were in debt and struggling to make ends meet. But out of the ashes of this crisis arose a glimmer of hope - a movement of the people, for the people. The Populist movement sought to reform the banking industry and promote the interests of farmers. They were a force to be reckoned with, and they showed us that even in our darkest hour, there is always a way forward.
Hark! The sprawl of transportation and communication hath bred novel modes of societal governance. Lo, vice commissions hath arisen to battle the harlotry that doth beset us. As urban centers burgeon and connect, they grow in complexity and diversity, engendering new forms of vice and crime. Thus, many cities commission vice squads, overseeing and controlling activities such as whoredom, gambling, and the imbibing of narcotics. Yet, these commissions wield much sway and oft-times are employed to aim their arrows at particular groups, be they immigrants or those of darker hue.
In the annals of American history, the mid-19th century marked a time of great transformation as transportation and communication networks expanded across the land. The impact of this growth was both profound and complex, leaving blessings and curses in its wake. The benefits of this expansion were numerous. The burgeoning banking industry and large-scale agriculture reaped great rewards from the enhanced connectivity, enjoying new economic growth and development avenues. Yet, as with all things in life, there were also curses. The rise of monopolies and financial challenges for farmers emerged as significant obstacles to progress. The establishment of vice commissions, tasked with combatting social issues, served as yet another reminder of the costs of expansion. Today, it is crucial that we examine this history, for it affords us insight into how technological advances can shape society, economy, and culture. By analyzing the positives and negatives of this expansion, we can gain wisdom from experience and make more informed decisions about managing the impact of technology in the future.
THE RUNDOWN
QUESTIONS
A feverish expansion of transportation and communication networks marked the mid-19th century in the United States. The construction of railroads, telegraph lines, and other forms of infrastructure opened new vistas for economic growth and development. The banking industry quickly capitalized on these advances, allowing for the consolidation of wealth and the rise of monopolies. Meanwhile, large-scale agriculture became possible, but at the cost of exploiting labor and disrupting traditional ways of life. The benefits of these technological advances were undeniable, but they were not without their downsides. Farmers, in particular, faced significant financial challenges as they struggled to compete with industrialized agriculture. In response, vice commissions were established to combat prostitution, a scourge that had become increasingly common in urban areas. It is crucial to understand how technological progress can create new challenges and how different social groups may experience these changes in different ways. The expansion of transportation and communication networks in the mid-19th century offers a stark reminder that progress is not always linear and can come at a cost to marginalized or oppressed people. By examining both the positives and negatives of this expansion, we can gain valuable insights into the complex interplay between technology, society, and power.
So it goes that when transportation and communication networks expanded, the banking industry flourished like a rose in bloom. With railroads and telegraph lines reaching far and wide, exchanging goods and messages became a breeze. This boosted commerce and opened new avenues for banks to offer financial services and loans. President Lincoln played a part in this story when he signed the National Banking Act in 1863. This act created a national banking system and allowed banks to issue a new currency backed by government bonds. And so it went that the banking industry was stabilized, and businesses could access credit more quickly.
In the late 1800s, the expansion of railroads and other transportation methods paved the way for a new era of agriculture on a grand scale. Farmers were no longer confined to local markets, as they could easily transport their goods to distant markets. With this newfound mobility, farmers began to specialize in specific crops, leveraging economies of scale. And with the development of refrigerated railroad cars, farmers in the Midwest could now transport fresh beef and other meat products to the East Coast, giving rise to a new industry that relied on long-distance transportation and storage. This innovation not only brought a wider variety of food options to consumers, but it also allowed farmers to thrive on a larger scale, contributing to the growth of the nation's economy. As I savor each bite of this delicious meat, I can't help but appreciate the ingenuity and hard work that went into bringing it from the farm to my plate.
It's fascinating to consider the double-edged sword that progress can be. While getting caught up in the excitement of positive outcomes is easy, it's essential not to overlook the downsides. Take the advent of railroads and banking, for instance. Sure, these industries brought about a whole new era of efficiency and convenience, but they also gave rise to monopolies. The thing about trusts is that they're not inherently wrong; in fact, they can even be seen as a natural consequence of a competitive market. However, when a small number of companies gain an overwhelming market share, it becomes much easier for them to exert their power in ways detrimental to smaller players and consumers alike. And unfortunately, that's precisely what happened in the railroad and banking industries in the late 1800s. Back then, the railroad industry was dominated by a handful of major players, including heavyweights like the Pennsylvania Railroad, the New York Central Railroad, and the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad. These companies held so much sway that they could charge exorbitant prices and discriminate against smaller competitors. This could harm both consumers and the industry as a whole.
The rise of transportation and communication networks may have made it easier for farmers to expand their operations, but it also made them vulnerable to the whims of the market. Crop prices could plummet, leaving farmers in a complex financial state. In the late 1800s, a series of droughts and other factors brought about a decline in crop prices that hit farmers hard. The result? A widespread crisis that threatened the very existence of our farming communities. Desperate to keep their farms, many farmers were in debt and struggling to make ends meet. But out of the ashes of this crisis arose a glimmer of hope - a movement of the people, for the people. The Populist movement sought to reform the banking industry and promote the interests of farmers. They were a force to be reckoned with, and they showed us that even in our darkest hour, there is always a way forward.
Hark! The sprawl of transportation and communication hath bred novel modes of societal governance. Lo, vice commissions hath arisen to battle the harlotry that doth beset us. As urban centers burgeon and connect, they grow in complexity and diversity, engendering new forms of vice and crime. Thus, many cities commission vice squads, overseeing and controlling activities such as whoredom, gambling, and the imbibing of narcotics. Yet, these commissions wield much sway and oft-times are employed to aim their arrows at particular groups, be they immigrants or those of darker hue.
In the annals of American history, the mid-19th century marked a time of great transformation as transportation and communication networks expanded across the land. The impact of this growth was both profound and complex, leaving blessings and curses in its wake. The benefits of this expansion were numerous. The burgeoning banking industry and large-scale agriculture reaped great rewards from the enhanced connectivity, enjoying new economic growth and development avenues. Yet, as with all things in life, there were also curses. The rise of monopolies and financial challenges for farmers emerged as significant obstacles to progress. The establishment of vice commissions, tasked with combatting social issues, served as yet another reminder of the costs of expansion. Today, it is crucial that we examine this history, for it affords us insight into how technological advances can shape society, economy, and culture. By analyzing the positives and negatives of this expansion, we can gain wisdom from experience and make more informed decisions about managing the impact of technology in the future.
THE RUNDOWN
- The mid-19th century saw an expansion of transportation and communication networks in the US, which opened up new avenues for economic growth and development.
- The banking industry quickly capitalized on these advances, allowing for the consolidation of wealth and the rise of monopolies.
- Large-scale agriculture became possible but at the cost of exploiting labor and disrupting traditional ways of life.
- Farmers faced significant financial challenges as they struggled to compete with industrialized agriculture, leading to the establishment of vice commissions to combat prostitution, which had become increasingly common in urban areas.
- Technological progress can create new challenges, and different social groups may experience these changes in different ways.
- Progress is not always linear and can come at a cost to marginalized or oppressed people.
- It is crucial to examine both the positives and negatives of technological expansion to gain valuable insights into the complex interplay between technology, society, and power.
QUESTIONS
- How did the expansion of transportation and communication networks in the mid-19th century lead to the rise of the banking industry, and what impact did this have on the economy?
- What were the positive and negative outcomes of the expansion of transportation and communication networks in the mid-19th century, particularly with regards to the railroad and banking industries?
- What role did vice commissions play in the regulation of activities such as prostitution, gambling, and drug use in urban areas in the mid-19th century, and how did these commissions sometimes discriminate against certain groups?
Roman relief showing a cart drawn by four horses.
KEY TERMS
- 4000 BCE - Domestication of the horse
- 3500 BCE - Invention of the wheel
- 3000 BCE - Development of the sailboat
- 2000 BCE - Invention of the chariot
- 5th century BCE - Building of canals
- Around 500 BCE - Development of the camel saddle
- 3rd century BCE - Construction of roads (such as in the Roman Empire and Inca Empire)
- 6th century BCE - Creation of the first postal service in the Persian Empire
- 200 BCE - Construction of the Silk Road
- 1st century CE - Invention of the wheelbarrow
- 4th century CE - Development of the stirrup
- 7th century CE - Construction of the Grand Canal in China
- 8th century CE - Development of the astrolabe
- 14th century CE - Development of the carrack
- 15th century CE - Invention of the printing press
- 15th century CE - Construction of the first suspension bridge in Peru
- 15th century CE - Use of the caravel
DISCLAIMER: Welcome scholars to the wild and wacky world of history class. This isn't your granddaddy's boring ol' lecture, baby. We will take a trip through time, which will be one wild ride. I know some of you are in a brick-and-mortar setting, while others are in the vast digital wasteland. But fear not; we're all in this together. Online students might miss out on some in-person interaction, but you can still join in on the fun. This little shindig aims to get you all engaged with the course material and understand how past societies have shaped the world we know today. We'll talk about revolutions, wars, and other crazy stuff. So get ready, kids, because it's going to be one heck of a trip. And for all, you online students out there, don't be shy. Please share your thoughts and ideas with the rest of us. The Professor will do his best to give everyone an equal opportunity to learn, so don't hold back. So, let's do this thing!
Title: Ancient Travelers: Exploring the History of Travel in the Ancient World
Objective: Students will learn about the history of travel in the ancient world and the various methods of transportation used during that time.
Instructions:
Activity: "Journey Through the Medieval World"
Objective: Students will gain a deeper understanding of the history of travel in the medieval world through a group activity that combines research, critical thinking, and creativity.
Instructions:
THE RUNDOWN
Title: Ancient Travelers: Exploring the History of Travel in the Ancient World
Objective: Students will learn about the history of travel in the ancient world and the various methods of transportation used during that time.
Instructions:
- Begin by showing students a map of the ancient world and ask them to identify different regions and civilizations that existed during that time. Discuss the significance of travel during this era, and how it impacted trade, cultural exchange, and warfare.
- Next, show students images of different modes of transportation used in the ancient world (e.g. chariots, camels, ships). Have them discuss the advantages and disadvantages of each mode of transportation, and the types of journeys they would be most suited for.
- Divide students into small groups and assign each group a specific civilization or region from the ancient world (e.g. Ancient Greece, Mesopotamia, Egypt). Have them research the different modes of transportation used during that time, and create a short presentation outlining their findings.
- After each group has presented their research, have a class discussion on the similarities and differences between the modes of transportation used in different regions of the ancient world. Ask students to consider factors such as geography, climate, and cultural practices when discussing why certain modes of transportation were more prevalent in certain regions.
- As a final activity, have students create a travel brochure advertising a journey to a specific location in the ancient world. They should include information on the modes of transportation available, the sights and experiences to be had along the way, and any safety precautions that travelers should take. Encourage students to be creative and use their research to make their brochure as historically accurate as possible
Activity: "Journey Through the Medieval World"
Objective: Students will gain a deeper understanding of the history of travel in the medieval world through a group activity that combines research, critical thinking, and creativity.
Instructions:
- Divide the class into groups of 3-4 students.
- Assign each group a region of the medieval world (e.g. Europe, Asia, Africa, Middle East).
- Instruct each group to research and gather information about the following topics related to travel in their assigned region:
- Major trade routes and transportation methods (e.g. roads, rivers, caravans)
- Notable travelers and explorers (e.g. Marco Polo, Ibn Battuta)
- Accommodations and hospitality for travelers (e.g. inns, caravanserais, monasteries)
- Cultural exchanges and impacts of travel on societies (e.g. spread of religion, knowledge, goods)
- After gathering their information, each group should use sticky notes or small pieces of paper to mark key points on the large map of the medieval world.
- Next, each group should create a visual representation of their findings (e.g. a collage, a diorama, a timeline) using the craft supplies if desired.
- Finally, each group will present their findings and visual representation to the rest of the class, highlighting the most interesting or important aspects of travel in their assigned region.
THE RUNDOWN
- Transportation and logistics have played a crucial role in shaping the global movement of people, goods, and ideas throughout history.
- The Silk Road facilitated economic expansion, cultural exchange, and geopolitical domination.
- The Age of Exploration revolutionized maritime technology and global trade networks but also caused diseases, forced labor, displacement, and environmental degradation.
- Containerization, air travel, and digital communication have allowed for the swift movement of goods and humans across great expanses, ushering in an era of globalized markets, outsourcing of labor, and pioneering industries and technologies.
- However, progress has come with unintended consequences, including environmental degradation, deepening social inequality, and supply chain vulnerability to disruptions.
- Pseudohistory is a deceitful form of historical writing that distorts the past and undermines our capacity to learn from it, relying heavily on anecdotes and cherry-picked evidence.
- The expansion of transportation and communication networks in the US in the mid-19th century led to the consolidation of wealth and the rise of monopolies, large-scale agriculture at the cost of exploiting labor and disrupting traditional ways of life, and challenges for farmers competing with industrialized agriculture.
- Technological progress can create new challenges, and it is crucial to examine both the positives and negatives of expansion to gain valuable insights into the complex interplay between technology, society, and power.
ASSIGNMENTS
Remember all assignments, tests and quizzes must be submitted official via BLACKBOARD
- Forum Discussion #12
Remember all assignments, tests and quizzes must be submitted official via BLACKBOARD
Forum Discussion #12
Medieval Madness is a YouTube channel focused on exploring and analyzing medieval history through engaging and entertaining videos. Hosted by a historian, the channel covers a variety of topics ranging from battles and warfare to social structures and daily life, providing a fun and accessible way to learn about the Middle Ages. Watch this video and answer the following question:
Medieval Madness is a YouTube channel focused on exploring and analyzing medieval history through engaging and entertaining videos. Hosted by a historian, the channel covers a variety of topics ranging from battles and warfare to social structures and daily life, providing a fun and accessible way to learn about the Middle Ages. Watch this video and answer the following question:
How did the availability and accessibility of transportation options impact the daily lives and cultural practices of medieval people in Europe, particularly in regards to the role of the church and the practice of pilgrimage?
Need help? Remember the Discussion Board Rubric.
THE RUNDOWN
In the days of yore, there were but two options for venturing forth: by land or by sea. The mighty Romans, in their infinite wisdom, constructed a network of roads and bridges across their empire with the sole aim of military advantage, but which later proved to be indispensable for trade. Yet, journeying by road during the medieval period was a laborious affair, and the majority of folks were forced to go afoot. Christianity played an immense role in the lives of medieval Europeans, and the church exhorted the faithful to embark on holy pilgrimages. The most popular artifacts were nails and fragments of wood purportedly hewn from the cross upon which Christ was crucified, which were duplicated and dispersed throughout the continent. Pilgrims, fearful of marauders, banded together for safety, while the wealthy could purchase a surrogate to make the pilgrimage in their stead.
WORK CITED
Hey, welcome to the work cited section! Here's where you'll find all the heavy hitters that inspired the content you've just consumed. Some might think citations are as dull as unbuttered toast, but nothing gets my intellectual juices flowing like a good reference list. Don't get me wrong, just because we've cited a source; doesn't mean we're always going to see eye-to-eye. But that's the beauty of it - it's up to you to chew on the material and come to conclusions. Listen, we've gone to great lengths to ensure these citations are accurate, but let's face it, we're all human. So, give us a holler if you notice any mistakes or suggest more sources. We're always looking to up our game. Ultimately, it's all about pursuing knowledge and truth, my friends.
LEGAL MUMBO JUMBO
Need help? Remember the Discussion Board Rubric.
THE RUNDOWN
In the days of yore, there were but two options for venturing forth: by land or by sea. The mighty Romans, in their infinite wisdom, constructed a network of roads and bridges across their empire with the sole aim of military advantage, but which later proved to be indispensable for trade. Yet, journeying by road during the medieval period was a laborious affair, and the majority of folks were forced to go afoot. Christianity played an immense role in the lives of medieval Europeans, and the church exhorted the faithful to embark on holy pilgrimages. The most popular artifacts were nails and fragments of wood purportedly hewn from the cross upon which Christ was crucified, which were duplicated and dispersed throughout the continent. Pilgrims, fearful of marauders, banded together for safety, while the wealthy could purchase a surrogate to make the pilgrimage in their stead.
WORK CITED
Hey, welcome to the work cited section! Here's where you'll find all the heavy hitters that inspired the content you've just consumed. Some might think citations are as dull as unbuttered toast, but nothing gets my intellectual juices flowing like a good reference list. Don't get me wrong, just because we've cited a source; doesn't mean we're always going to see eye-to-eye. But that's the beauty of it - it's up to you to chew on the material and come to conclusions. Listen, we've gone to great lengths to ensure these citations are accurate, but let's face it, we're all human. So, give us a holler if you notice any mistakes or suggest more sources. We're always looking to up our game. Ultimately, it's all about pursuing knowledge and truth, my friends.
- Encyclopædia Britannica. "Silk Road." Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc., accessed March 27, 2023. http://www.britannica.com/topic/Silk-Road-trade-route.
- Encyclopædia Britannica. "The Age of Exploration." Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc., accessed March 27, 2023. http://www.britannica.com/event/Age-of-Exploration.
- United Nations Economic Commission for Europe. "Globalization and Transport." Accessed March 27, 2023. http://www.unece.org/transport/globalization.html.
- European Environment Agency. "The Environmental Impact of Transportation." European Union, accessed March 27, 2023. http://www.eea.europa.eu/themes/transport/intro.
- Levinson, David. "The End of Transportation." Journal of Economic Perspectives, vol. 32, no. 1, Winter 2018, pp. 173-196, doi: 10.1257/jep.32.1.173.
- Huston, James L. "Transportation and Communication." Oxford Research Encyclopedia of American History, July 2016, doi: 10.1093/acrefore/9780199329175.013.271.
- Muchnikoff, Michael J. "National Banking Acts." Federal Reserve History, accessed March 27, 2023, https://www.federalreservehistory.org/essays/national-banking-acts.
- Usselman, Steven J. "The Rise of the Railroads and their Impact on American Society." Journal of Economic Perspectives, vol. 28, no. 1, Winter 2014, pp. 189-212, doi: 10.1257/jep.28.1.189.
- Gates, Paul W. "The Farm Crisis of the 1890s." Agricultural History, vol. 39, no. 2, April 1965, pp. 75-85.
- Pleck, Elizabeth H. "Vice Commission." Oxford Research Encyclopedia of American History, May 2016, doi: 10.1093/acrefore/9780199329175.013.305.
LEGAL MUMBO JUMBO
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