HST 202 Module #13
Wonderwall (1989 CE - 2000 CE)
From '89 to '00, the good ol' US of A saw ups and downs. On the bright side, the Cold War finally called it quits, and the Soviet Union went poof, opening the door to a global party of economic boom and tech wizardry. But, as luck would have it, trouble also reared its ugly head. The Rodney King riots, the Oklahoma City bombing, and even a presidential impeachment damaged the nation's mood. Alas, that's just how the cookie crumbles sometimes.
As I reflect on the historical landscape of the late 20th century, one standout moment was the collapse of the Iron Curtain. The legendary Berlin Wall, a symbol of division and oppression, finally crumbled on November 9, 1989, signaling the end of the Soviet Union and the Eastern Bloc. The world would never be the same again. With the fall of the Wall came a new era of global unity and collaboration, paving the way for increased trade and economic prosperity. The United States, already an influential player on the international stage, now emerged as the sole superpower, extending its reach far and wide. Democracy spread like wildfire, sparking the formation of new alliances and diplomatic relationships. It was a time of significant change and opportunity when anything seemed possible. Looking back, I can't help but feel grateful for the role this pivotal event played in shaping the world we live in today.
Ah, the wonders of the modern age. We can thank the rise of the internet and technological advancements for that. In '89, the World Wide Web was born, paving the way for the widespread use of personal computers and the growth of e-commerce. It was a game-changer, a revolutionary innovation that transformed how we communicate and share information. The internet opened up a world of education, research, and entertainment opportunities, making knowledge and amusement accessible to anyone with a connection. Indeed, we live in a particular time.
In '91, the City of Angels was ablaze with fury as the Rodney King riots ravaged the streets. The trigger? The exoneration of cops who mercilessly bludgeoned an African American driver. Death toll? Over fifty. Damage? Catastrophic. It was a grim reminder of the racial fault lines cutting deep through the fabric of America and the dire urgency for reforming law enforcement.
In 1995, the year of our Lord nineteen hundred and ninety-five, a vicious blow was struck upon the soil of Oklahoma. One hundred and sixty-eight souls were lost, and five hundred more were left wounded and maimed by the hand of a single man. His name was Timothy McVeigh, and he was driven by the fire of white supremacist hate and a virulent disdain for the government. This heinous terror, wrought upon the innocent and unsuspecting, laid bare the peril of domestic hostility. It served as a grim reminder of the evil that lurks within the hearts of men and the dire need for vigilant protection against such insidious threats.
The year was 1998, and the halls of power in Washington were consumed by a scandal that would shake the foundations of American democracy. President Bill Clinton, the leader of the free world, stood accused by the House of Representatives of perjury and obstruction of justice. His alleged crime? A sordid affair with a White House intern named Monica Lewinsky.
The impeachment proceedings that followed were a stark reminder of the deep partisan divides that had come to define American politics. Republicans and Democrats clashed bitterly, each determined to protect their interests and advance their agendas. In the end, Clinton was acquitted by the Senate, but the damage had already been done.
For many Americans, impeaching a sitting President was a wake-up call. It underscored the urgent need for greater accountability of elected officials and a more robust system of checks and balances. It also highlighted the corrosive influence of money and power in our political system and how these forces could be used to undermine the very foundations of our democracy.
Despite the turbulence of the times, however, there were also glimmers of hope. Inspired by the example of Lewinsky and others who had spoken out against abuse and exploitation, Ordinary citizens began to organize and demand change. They recognized that true democracy could only be achieved through the active participation of all citizens, and they were determined to make their voices heard.
In the end, the impeachment of Bill Clinton was a turning point in American history. It was a moment of reckoning when we were forced to confront the deep-seated problems plaguing our country for too long. And though the road ahead would be long and complex, it was also clear that we had the power to shape our destiny and create a better, more just society for all.
So from '89 to 2000, the good and bad mixed it up in the ol' US of A. The Cold War thawed, and shiny gadgets sparked an economic boom and global togetherness. But simultaneously, chaos and strife showed us we had work to do with cops, security, and politics. Understanding this messy mix of politics, society, and technology is vital to see how we got here and where we're going.
THE RUNDOWN
QUESTIONS
From '89 to '00, the good ol' US of A saw ups and downs. On the bright side, the Cold War finally called it quits, and the Soviet Union went poof, opening the door to a global party of economic boom and tech wizardry. But, as luck would have it, trouble also reared its ugly head. The Rodney King riots, the Oklahoma City bombing, and even a presidential impeachment damaged the nation's mood. Alas, that's just how the cookie crumbles sometimes.
As I reflect on the historical landscape of the late 20th century, one standout moment was the collapse of the Iron Curtain. The legendary Berlin Wall, a symbol of division and oppression, finally crumbled on November 9, 1989, signaling the end of the Soviet Union and the Eastern Bloc. The world would never be the same again. With the fall of the Wall came a new era of global unity and collaboration, paving the way for increased trade and economic prosperity. The United States, already an influential player on the international stage, now emerged as the sole superpower, extending its reach far and wide. Democracy spread like wildfire, sparking the formation of new alliances and diplomatic relationships. It was a time of significant change and opportunity when anything seemed possible. Looking back, I can't help but feel grateful for the role this pivotal event played in shaping the world we live in today.
Ah, the wonders of the modern age. We can thank the rise of the internet and technological advancements for that. In '89, the World Wide Web was born, paving the way for the widespread use of personal computers and the growth of e-commerce. It was a game-changer, a revolutionary innovation that transformed how we communicate and share information. The internet opened up a world of education, research, and entertainment opportunities, making knowledge and amusement accessible to anyone with a connection. Indeed, we live in a particular time.
In '91, the City of Angels was ablaze with fury as the Rodney King riots ravaged the streets. The trigger? The exoneration of cops who mercilessly bludgeoned an African American driver. Death toll? Over fifty. Damage? Catastrophic. It was a grim reminder of the racial fault lines cutting deep through the fabric of America and the dire urgency for reforming law enforcement.
In 1995, the year of our Lord nineteen hundred and ninety-five, a vicious blow was struck upon the soil of Oklahoma. One hundred and sixty-eight souls were lost, and five hundred more were left wounded and maimed by the hand of a single man. His name was Timothy McVeigh, and he was driven by the fire of white supremacist hate and a virulent disdain for the government. This heinous terror, wrought upon the innocent and unsuspecting, laid bare the peril of domestic hostility. It served as a grim reminder of the evil that lurks within the hearts of men and the dire need for vigilant protection against such insidious threats.
The year was 1998, and the halls of power in Washington were consumed by a scandal that would shake the foundations of American democracy. President Bill Clinton, the leader of the free world, stood accused by the House of Representatives of perjury and obstruction of justice. His alleged crime? A sordid affair with a White House intern named Monica Lewinsky.
The impeachment proceedings that followed were a stark reminder of the deep partisan divides that had come to define American politics. Republicans and Democrats clashed bitterly, each determined to protect their interests and advance their agendas. In the end, Clinton was acquitted by the Senate, but the damage had already been done.
For many Americans, impeaching a sitting President was a wake-up call. It underscored the urgent need for greater accountability of elected officials and a more robust system of checks and balances. It also highlighted the corrosive influence of money and power in our political system and how these forces could be used to undermine the very foundations of our democracy.
Despite the turbulence of the times, however, there were also glimmers of hope. Inspired by the example of Lewinsky and others who had spoken out against abuse and exploitation, Ordinary citizens began to organize and demand change. They recognized that true democracy could only be achieved through the active participation of all citizens, and they were determined to make their voices heard.
In the end, the impeachment of Bill Clinton was a turning point in American history. It was a moment of reckoning when we were forced to confront the deep-seated problems plaguing our country for too long. And though the road ahead would be long and complex, it was also clear that we had the power to shape our destiny and create a better, more just society for all.
So from '89 to 2000, the good and bad mixed it up in the ol' US of A. The Cold War thawed, and shiny gadgets sparked an economic boom and global togetherness. But simultaneously, chaos and strife showed us we had work to do with cops, security, and politics. Understanding this messy mix of politics, society, and technology is vital to see how we got here and where we're going.
THE RUNDOWN
- The collapse of the Soviet Union and the Berlin Wall in 1989 marked the beginning of a new era of global unity and collaboration, paving the way for increased trade and economic prosperity.
- The rise of the internet and technological advancements transformed how we communicate and share information, making knowledge and entertainment accessible to anyone with a connection.
- The Rodney King riots in 1991 highlighted the racial fault lines in America and the urgent need for reforming law enforcement.
- The Oklahoma City bombing in 1995 was a grim reminder of the peril of domestic hostility and the need for vigilant protection against insidious threats.
- The impeachment of President Bill Clinton in 1998 underscored the urgent need for greater accountability of elected officials and a more robust system of checks and balances in American politics.
- Despite the turbulence of the times, there were also glimmers of hope as ordinary citizens began to organize and demand change.
QUESTIONS
- What do you think were the most significant political and social events that took place in the United States from 1989 to 2000, and why?
- How did the collapse of the Soviet Union and the Eastern Bloc shape the global landscape in the late 20th century, and what impact did it have on the United States?
- In what ways did technological advancements, such as the World Wide Web and personal computers, transform American society in the late 20th century?
#13: History Can Be Exceptional, But Not Virtuous
The concept of exceptionalism in history is a matter of semantics, not virtue. While history can be exceptional in being different from the norm, it cannot be virtuous. American exceptionalism is the idea that the United States is unique in its values, political system, and historical development, implying that it is entitled to play a positive role on the world stage. However, this entitlement needs to be revised. The origins of American exceptionalism can be traced back to the American Revolution when the US emerged as the first new nation with distinct ideas based on principles such as liberty, equality before the law, individual responsibility, republicanism, representative democracy, and laissez-faire economics. While some European practices were transmitted to America, the US abolished them during the American Revolution, further confirming its liberalism. This liberalism laid the foundation for American exceptionalism, closely tied to republicanism, believing that sovereignty belonged to the people, not a hereditary ruling class.
The problem with exceptionalism is the assumption that it entitles the US to act as a peerless interloper without questioning its moral scruples. This was seen during the George W. Bush administration. The term was abstracted from its historical context and used to describe a phenomenon where specific political interests viewed the US as "above" or an "exception" to the law, particularly the law of nations. However, history shows that American exceptionalism is morally flawed due to issues such as slavery, civil rights, and social welfare. Even events like the revelations of prisoner abuse at Abu Ghraib prison and the government's incompetence after Hurricane Katrina opened fissures in the myth of exceptionalism. While the US has been remarkably democratic, politically stable, and free of war on its soil compared to most European countries, there have been significant exceptions, such as the American Civil War. Even after the abolition of slavery, the US government ignored the requirements of the Equal Protection Clause concerning African-Americans during the Jim Crow era and women's suffrage until the Nineteenth Amendment to the US Constitution in 1920. The US has also sometimes supported the overthrow of democratically elected governments to pursue other objectives, typically economic and anti-communist.
My dear friends, history is a tapestry woven with the threads of triumph and tragedy, nobility and immortality. We are often enchanted by its tales of human progress and creativity, and rightly so. But let us not forget that history also holds the darkest deeds, the most heinous acts. History can be extraordinary but far from virtuous. To prove my point, I shall delve into the annals of time and highlight certain historical events that exemplify my argument.
Let's start by setting the stage for what we mean by "exceptional" and "virtuous." Exceptional is like a shiny penny in a pile of dirt. It stands out and catches your eye. It's noteworthy, outstanding, or uncommon. It's like a tiger that's a great hunter but also a ruthless killer. Virtuous, on the other hand, is like a beacon of light in the dark. It's actions or behavior that are morally righteous, ethical, or just. When we say that history can be exceptional but not virtuous, we're saying that some events or individuals can be unique regarding their impact, significance, or influence, but that doesn't necessarily mean their actions were virtuous or morally upright. Exceptional? Yes. Virtuous? Not so much.
They said the sun never set on the British Empire for a good reason. Picture this: the British Empire, a behemoth that spanned continents and ruled over countless subjects, was a force to be reckoned with. It was a time of innovation, scientific discovery, and technological advancement. But behind the veneer of greatness and exceptionalism lay a darker truth. The British Empire was built on the backs of the oppressed and the exploited, the blood and sweat of the indigenous peoples who were conquered and subjugated. The British Empire's legacy is colonization, slavery, and racism.
The British Empire brought about significant advancements that changed the course of history. It spread the English language and culture to the far corners of the earth, and its contributions to science, technology, and medicine cannot be understated. But these exceptional achievements came at a high cost that cannot be ignored. The rise of the British Empire is a testament to the duality of human nature. It is a story of greatness, moral ambiguity, exceptionalism, and exploitation. The British Empire may have been exceptional, but it was not virtuous. Its legacy is a reminder that progress must not come at the expense of others and that the ends do not always justify the means.
So, why bother delving into history's more dubious deeds? Because, my friend, it's essential. Sure, it's important to celebrate the heroes and heroines of yore, those paragons of virtue who inspired us all to be better people. But what about the ones who weren't so virtuous? The ones who did some pretty messed up stuff? It turns out that studying those moments of unusual but questionable behavior can help us understand the complexity and nuance of human history. We can learn from the successes and failures of our ancestors and see how their actions have shaped the world we live in today. It's like being a time traveler; instead of a TARDIS or DeLorean, we've got textbooks and archives.
By digging into history, we can better understand the forces that have shaped our societies and cultures. We can start to see the patterns and cycles of human behavior and even recognize the danger of repeating past mistakes. As the great philosopher George Santayana once said, "Those who cannot remember the past are condemned to repeat it." And trust me, my friend, we don't want to go down that road again. History is not any virtuous tale of righteousness and goodness. It's a wild ride, full of ups and downs, and even the exceptional moments can be tainted by some serious dirt. Take Qin Shi Huang and the British Empire, for example. Sure, they had moments of greatness, but they left a trail of destruction and oppression in their wake.
But don't get me wrong. We have to celebrate exceptional moments in history. They show us what humans can do when we put our minds to it. However, we can't ignore the dark side of history. We have to learn from it. We must understand that history isn't just a simple tale of heroes and villains. It's a complicated mess of human experiences and actions. So, let's study history with a critical eye. Let's be nuanced in our understanding of the past. Let's recognize that history is messy and complicated, and that's okay. We have to learn from past mistakes so we don't repeat them in the future. Luckily, our history is still being written. The path we take next does not need to lead to bloodshed or heartbreak. It can be a road to continued growth and prosperity and not at the expense of others.
THE RUNDOWN
STATE OF THE UNION
The concept of exceptionalism in history is a matter of semantics, not virtue. While history can be exceptional in being different from the norm, it cannot be virtuous. American exceptionalism is the idea that the United States is unique in its values, political system, and historical development, implying that it is entitled to play a positive role on the world stage. However, this entitlement needs to be revised. The origins of American exceptionalism can be traced back to the American Revolution when the US emerged as the first new nation with distinct ideas based on principles such as liberty, equality before the law, individual responsibility, republicanism, representative democracy, and laissez-faire economics. While some European practices were transmitted to America, the US abolished them during the American Revolution, further confirming its liberalism. This liberalism laid the foundation for American exceptionalism, closely tied to republicanism, believing that sovereignty belonged to the people, not a hereditary ruling class.
The problem with exceptionalism is the assumption that it entitles the US to act as a peerless interloper without questioning its moral scruples. This was seen during the George W. Bush administration. The term was abstracted from its historical context and used to describe a phenomenon where specific political interests viewed the US as "above" or an "exception" to the law, particularly the law of nations. However, history shows that American exceptionalism is morally flawed due to issues such as slavery, civil rights, and social welfare. Even events like the revelations of prisoner abuse at Abu Ghraib prison and the government's incompetence after Hurricane Katrina opened fissures in the myth of exceptionalism. While the US has been remarkably democratic, politically stable, and free of war on its soil compared to most European countries, there have been significant exceptions, such as the American Civil War. Even after the abolition of slavery, the US government ignored the requirements of the Equal Protection Clause concerning African-Americans during the Jim Crow era and women's suffrage until the Nineteenth Amendment to the US Constitution in 1920. The US has also sometimes supported the overthrow of democratically elected governments to pursue other objectives, typically economic and anti-communist.
My dear friends, history is a tapestry woven with the threads of triumph and tragedy, nobility and immortality. We are often enchanted by its tales of human progress and creativity, and rightly so. But let us not forget that history also holds the darkest deeds, the most heinous acts. History can be extraordinary but far from virtuous. To prove my point, I shall delve into the annals of time and highlight certain historical events that exemplify my argument.
Let's start by setting the stage for what we mean by "exceptional" and "virtuous." Exceptional is like a shiny penny in a pile of dirt. It stands out and catches your eye. It's noteworthy, outstanding, or uncommon. It's like a tiger that's a great hunter but also a ruthless killer. Virtuous, on the other hand, is like a beacon of light in the dark. It's actions or behavior that are morally righteous, ethical, or just. When we say that history can be exceptional but not virtuous, we're saying that some events or individuals can be unique regarding their impact, significance, or influence, but that doesn't necessarily mean their actions were virtuous or morally upright. Exceptional? Yes. Virtuous? Not so much.
They said the sun never set on the British Empire for a good reason. Picture this: the British Empire, a behemoth that spanned continents and ruled over countless subjects, was a force to be reckoned with. It was a time of innovation, scientific discovery, and technological advancement. But behind the veneer of greatness and exceptionalism lay a darker truth. The British Empire was built on the backs of the oppressed and the exploited, the blood and sweat of the indigenous peoples who were conquered and subjugated. The British Empire's legacy is colonization, slavery, and racism.
The British Empire brought about significant advancements that changed the course of history. It spread the English language and culture to the far corners of the earth, and its contributions to science, technology, and medicine cannot be understated. But these exceptional achievements came at a high cost that cannot be ignored. The rise of the British Empire is a testament to the duality of human nature. It is a story of greatness, moral ambiguity, exceptionalism, and exploitation. The British Empire may have been exceptional, but it was not virtuous. Its legacy is a reminder that progress must not come at the expense of others and that the ends do not always justify the means.
So, why bother delving into history's more dubious deeds? Because, my friend, it's essential. Sure, it's important to celebrate the heroes and heroines of yore, those paragons of virtue who inspired us all to be better people. But what about the ones who weren't so virtuous? The ones who did some pretty messed up stuff? It turns out that studying those moments of unusual but questionable behavior can help us understand the complexity and nuance of human history. We can learn from the successes and failures of our ancestors and see how their actions have shaped the world we live in today. It's like being a time traveler; instead of a TARDIS or DeLorean, we've got textbooks and archives.
By digging into history, we can better understand the forces that have shaped our societies and cultures. We can start to see the patterns and cycles of human behavior and even recognize the danger of repeating past mistakes. As the great philosopher George Santayana once said, "Those who cannot remember the past are condemned to repeat it." And trust me, my friend, we don't want to go down that road again. History is not any virtuous tale of righteousness and goodness. It's a wild ride, full of ups and downs, and even the exceptional moments can be tainted by some serious dirt. Take Qin Shi Huang and the British Empire, for example. Sure, they had moments of greatness, but they left a trail of destruction and oppression in their wake.
But don't get me wrong. We have to celebrate exceptional moments in history. They show us what humans can do when we put our minds to it. However, we can't ignore the dark side of history. We have to learn from it. We must understand that history isn't just a simple tale of heroes and villains. It's a complicated mess of human experiences and actions. So, let's study history with a critical eye. Let's be nuanced in our understanding of the past. Let's recognize that history is messy and complicated, and that's okay. We have to learn from past mistakes so we don't repeat them in the future. Luckily, our history is still being written. The path we take next does not need to lead to bloodshed or heartbreak. It can be a road to continued growth and prosperity and not at the expense of others.
THE RUNDOWN
- American exceptionalism means the United States is unique in its beliefs, laws, and history. But it could be better.
- This idea started during the American Revolution when the US became the first new nation with its ideas.
- The problem with exceptionalism is that people might think they can do whatever they want without being moral.
- The US has had problems in the past, like slavery and unequal rights, that show the idea of exceptionalism is flawed.
- Some parts of history are important but only sometimes good. Just because something is unique or powerful doesn't mean it's morally right.
- The British Empire is an example of this - it had greatness and did some good, but it also did terrible things and took advantage of others.
- Looking at the moments in history when people acted strangely or badly can help us learn from our mistakes and understand why things are the way they are today.
STATE OF THE UNION
HIGHLIGHTS
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We've got some fine classroom lectures coming your way, all courtesy of the RPTM podcast. These lectures will take you on a wild ride through history, exploring everything from ancient civilizations and epic battles to scientific breakthroughs and artistic revolutions. The podcast will guide you through each lecture with its no-nonsense, straight-talking style, using various sources to give you the lowdown on each topic. You won't find any fancy-pants jargon or convoluted theories here, just plain and straightforward explanations anyone can understand. So sit back and prepare to soak up some knowledge.
LECTURES
LECTURES
- COMING SOON
READING
Carnes, Chapter 32: Shocks and Responses: 1992-Present
Mark C. Carnes and John A. Garraty are respected historians who have made notable contributions to American history. Carnes specializes in American education and culture, focusing on the role of secret societies in shaping American culture in the 19th century. Garraty is known for his general surveys of American history, his biographies of American historical figures and studies of specific aspects of American history, and his clear and accessible writing.
Carnes, Chapter 32: Shocks and Responses: 1992-Present
Mark C. Carnes and John A. Garraty are respected historians who have made notable contributions to American history. Carnes specializes in American education and culture, focusing on the role of secret societies in shaping American culture in the 19th century. Garraty is known for his general surveys of American history, his biographies of American historical figures and studies of specific aspects of American history, and his clear and accessible writing.
Howard Zinn was a historian, writer, and political activist known for his critical analysis of American history. He is particularly well-known for his counter-narrative to traditional American history accounts and highlights marginalized groups' experiences and perspectives. Zinn's work is often associated with social history and is known for his Marxist and socialist views. Larry Schweikart is also a historian, but his work and perspective are often considered more conservative. Schweikart's work is often associated with military history, and he is known for his support of free-market economics and limited government. Overall, Zinn and Schweikart have different perspectives on various historical issues and events and may interpret historical events and phenomena differently. Occasionally, we will also look at Thaddeus Russell, a historian, author, and academic. Russell has written extensively on the history of social and cultural change, and his work focuses on how marginalized and oppressed groups have challenged and transformed mainstream culture. Russell is known for his unconventional and controversial ideas, and his work has been praised for its originality and provocative nature.
My classes utilize both Howard Zinn's Patriot's History of the United States and Larry Schweikart's Patriot's History of the United States, mostly in excerpts posted to the modules. You can access the full text of People's History or Patriot's History by clicking on the links.
My classes utilize both Howard Zinn's Patriot's History of the United States and Larry Schweikart's Patriot's History of the United States, mostly in excerpts posted to the modules. You can access the full text of People's History or Patriot's History by clicking on the links.
Zinn, A People's History of the United States
"...Clinton was willing to recall King's "dream" of racial equality, but not his dream of a society rejecting violence. Even though the Soviet Union was no longer a military threat, he insisted that the United States must keep its armed forces dispersed around the globe, prepare for "two regional wars," and continue the military budget at cold war levels, Clinton had become the Democratic Party candidate in 1992 with a formula not for social change but for electoral victory: Move the party closer to the center. This meant doing just enough for blacks, women,
and working people to keep their support, while trying to win over white conservative voters with a program of toughness on crime and a strong military.
Once in office, Clinton appointed more people of color to government posts than his Republican predecessors. But if any prospective or actual appointees became too bold, Clinton abandoned them quickly..."
"...Clinton was willing to recall King's "dream" of racial equality, but not his dream of a society rejecting violence. Even though the Soviet Union was no longer a military threat, he insisted that the United States must keep its armed forces dispersed around the globe, prepare for "two regional wars," and continue the military budget at cold war levels, Clinton had become the Democratic Party candidate in 1992 with a formula not for social change but for electoral victory: Move the party closer to the center. This meant doing just enough for blacks, women,
and working people to keep their support, while trying to win over white conservative voters with a program of toughness on crime and a strong military.
Once in office, Clinton appointed more people of color to government posts than his Republican predecessors. But if any prospective or actual appointees became too bold, Clinton abandoned them quickly..."
Larry Schweikart, A Patriot's History of the United States
"... Political skill was essential too. From 1850 to 1860 the United States was nearly rent in half by inept leaders, whereas an integrity vacuum nearly destroyed American foreign policy and shattered the economy in the decades of the 1960s and early 1970s. Moral, even pious, men have taken the nation to the brink of collapse because they lacked skill, and some of the most skilled politicians in the world—Henry Clay, Richard Nixon, Bill Clinton—left legacies of frustration and corruption because their abilities were never wedded to character.
Throughout much of the twentieth century, there was a subtle and, at times, obvious campaign to separate virtue from talent, to divide character from success. The latest in this line of attack is the emphasis on diversity—that somehow merely having different skin shades or national origins makes America special. But it was not the color of the skin of people who came here that made them special, it was the content of their character. America remains a beacon of liberty, not merely because its institutions have generally remained strong, its citizens free, and its attitudes tolerant, but because it, among most of the developed world, still cries out as a nation, 'Character counts.' Personal liberties in America are genuine because of the character of honest judges and attorneys who, for the most part, still make up the judiciary, and because of the personal integrity of large numbers of local, state, and national lawmakers..."
"... Political skill was essential too. From 1850 to 1860 the United States was nearly rent in half by inept leaders, whereas an integrity vacuum nearly destroyed American foreign policy and shattered the economy in the decades of the 1960s and early 1970s. Moral, even pious, men have taken the nation to the brink of collapse because they lacked skill, and some of the most skilled politicians in the world—Henry Clay, Richard Nixon, Bill Clinton—left legacies of frustration and corruption because their abilities were never wedded to character.
Throughout much of the twentieth century, there was a subtle and, at times, obvious campaign to separate virtue from talent, to divide character from success. The latest in this line of attack is the emphasis on diversity—that somehow merely having different skin shades or national origins makes America special. But it was not the color of the skin of people who came here that made them special, it was the content of their character. America remains a beacon of liberty, not merely because its institutions have generally remained strong, its citizens free, and its attitudes tolerant, but because it, among most of the developed world, still cries out as a nation, 'Character counts.' Personal liberties in America are genuine because of the character of honest judges and attorneys who, for the most part, still make up the judiciary, and because of the personal integrity of large numbers of local, state, and national lawmakers..."
Thaddeus Russell, A Renegade History of the United States
"... In 1933 Vogue magazine declared wearing lipstick one of the 'gestures of the twentieth century.' Peiss found evidence of many mothers in the 1930s adopting their daughter’s beauty regimens and a few mothers 'who seem to have gone beyond their daughters in embracing the modern style of ‘flaming youth,’ despite traditional proscriptions.' The sociologist Walter Reckless said it best in his 1933 study of prostitution in Chicago. Until the 1910s, prostitutes 'were in fact an outcast group with distinctive manner, dress, style.' They lived in “the ‘half-world,’” where they were 'free to do what was tabu [sic] for the respectable woman.' The 'painted lady' of the street had 'an uncontested monopoly of rouge, the bleaching of hair, and strong perfumes, all of which have been means of sexual attraction.' But by the 1920s, 'women of ill-fame no longer form[ed] a distinct caste readily distinguished from other women by dress, manners, and place of residence… . The activities of modern women—slumming, night life, exaggerations in dress, an unchaperoned life outside the home, entrance into business and sports—have erased the outward distinction between the painted sport and the paler protected lady.'
Even 'the scarlet shame' of whores became the symbol of American female respectability. At the unveiling of the First Ladies Red Dress Collection, a charity for heart disease begun in 2005, Laura Bush spoke on behalf of her six predecessors:
'Mrs. Reagan’s love of the color red is well known. Maybe her passion started when a dashing Ronald Reagan proposed to her in a red upholstered booth at a bistro in Los Angeles. America’s First Ladies have found many occasions to wear red. Lady Bird Johnson celebrated her eightieth birthday in her red evening gown. Betty Ford’s and Rosalynn Carter’s red dresses were reliable favorites. Barbara Bush wore red to a state dinner—accompanied, of course, by her pearls. Hillary Clinton’s red dress set just the right tone on Valentine’s Day. And I wore my red dress to the Bolshoi Ballet in Moscow. We’ve all made good use of our red dresses, and now we’re using them to promote our common interest in women’s health'..."
What Does Professor Lancaster Think?
The crossroads of political savvy and personal integrity has always been a game changer in American politics. It's a yin and yang, a harmonious marriage of character and talent that breeds ethical leaders. But, alas, when virtue and ability are divorced, we're left with a bunch of sorry-ass buffoons at the helm. The winds of change have blown away many outdated taboos and opened avenues for greater freedom and inclusivity. It's not just in politics, though. The shifting sands of societal norms have also impacted how we view women, their beauty standards, and what's deemed respectable.
The dance between political expediency and social progress has left a mixed bag of legacies in the ever-evolving landscape of American presidents. Some have deftly balanced the needs of diverse groups, while others have abandoned them in pursuit of electoral gain. It's a delicate tightrope walk that separates the wheat from the chaff, the leaders from the losers. The story of George Washington reads like a fable, but it's all too real. As a military strategist, Washington was the real deal, leading the charge against the British forces during the Revolutionary War. But it wasn't just his tactical prowess that set him apart; his unwavering sense of personal character made him a leader that people could trust and respect. The man was a political virtuoso and a personal titan, two qualities that converged in a way that changed the course of American history forever.
Washington's commitment to integrity was like a beacon guiding him through the war's darkest moments. He understood that leadership wasn't just about winning battles but about winning the hearts and minds of the people. And he did just that. His fellow citizens looked up to him with admiration and gratitude, recognizing that he was a man who embodied the values that they held dear. But Washington didn't stop there. After winning the war, he focused on establishing a strong federal government that would stand the test of time. His dedication to this cause set a precedent for future leaders in terms of political skill and personal integrity. And to this day, his legacy remains a reminder of what authentic leadership looks like.
Back in the day, when the Civil War tore the nation apart, Lincoln was the man with the plan. He knew how to work the system, grease the wheels of power, and get things done. But that wasn't all there was to him, oh no. Lincoln also had a heart as big as the Mississippi and a moral compass that always pointed true. When slavery tore the nation apart, Lincoln stood up for what was right. He fought tooth and nail to end this scourge on humanity and to promote equality for all. And he did it all with grace and style that would make even the most hardened cynic weep.
So let this be a lesson to all you hip cats out there. When the going gets tough, when the chips are down, and when the whole world seems to be falling apart, remember the example of Abraham Lincoln. Because if anyone knew how to navigate the rapids of history, it was him.
Lo, not all American leaders hath possessed the cunning of statecraft and the courage of character in equal measure. Behold, Richard Nixon, whose name doth ring with infamy, hath exemplified this duality in its darkest form. His transgressions in the Watergate affair bare his want for political morality and moral fortitude. His unscrupulousness in the quest for power hath wrought great harm upon the honor of the presidency and sapped the populace's trust in their government.
The evolution of societal attitudes regarding beauty standards and the acceptance of once-forbidden conduct have played a pivotal role in shaping the perception of female respectability in American politics. In the early 1900s, rigid beauty standards and societal expectations placed upon women prohibited them from partaking in activities deemed unsuitable for their gender. However, the women's suffrage and feminist movements of the 60s and 70s challenged these conventional norms, laying the groundwork for women to establish a foothold in politics and assert their power.
Even with all the changes, women in politics still face discrimination based on their gender. They're put under a microscope more than their male counterparts, their personal lives, and actions scrutinized to the Nth degree. It's been crystal clear recently, with Hillary Clinton catching flak for her private email server and Alexandria Ocasio-Cortez getting criticized for her social media game.
As I sit here reflecting on the tumultuous history of this great nation, one thing becomes clear: the delicate dance between political expediency and social progress has shaped the course of American politics in more ways than one. Take, for instance, the enigmatic presidency of Lyndon B. Johnson. On the one hand, the man was a champion of civil rights, a trailblazer who dared to dream of a more inclusive America. His Civil Rights Act and Voting Rights Act of 1965 were nothing short of revolutionary, laying the groundwork for a more just and equitable society. Yet, as with any great leader, Johnson had flaws. His handling of the Vietnam War was, to put it mildly, a disaster, plunging the nation into a quagmire of bloodshed and chaos. And then there was the matter of his use of illegal wiretapping and surveillance tactics, a dark stain on an otherwise admirable legacy.
But such is the nature of politics, my friends. The intersection of power and progress is never a straight line but rather a twisting, turning road that often leads us down unexpected paths. And yet, somehow, we manage to keep moving forward, always striving for that perfect union.
investigating how political aptitude and individual values converge in American politics is crucial. Why? Because it unearths the characteristics required for exemplary leadership and the repercussions of a deficiency in morality. By dissecting the accomplishments and fiascos of previous leaders, we attain a more profound comprehension of the hurdles confronting current and impending politicians. We can strive towards forging a more conscientious and productive political sphere.
THE RUNDOWN
QUESTIONS
"... In 1933 Vogue magazine declared wearing lipstick one of the 'gestures of the twentieth century.' Peiss found evidence of many mothers in the 1930s adopting their daughter’s beauty regimens and a few mothers 'who seem to have gone beyond their daughters in embracing the modern style of ‘flaming youth,’ despite traditional proscriptions.' The sociologist Walter Reckless said it best in his 1933 study of prostitution in Chicago. Until the 1910s, prostitutes 'were in fact an outcast group with distinctive manner, dress, style.' They lived in “the ‘half-world,’” where they were 'free to do what was tabu [sic] for the respectable woman.' The 'painted lady' of the street had 'an uncontested monopoly of rouge, the bleaching of hair, and strong perfumes, all of which have been means of sexual attraction.' But by the 1920s, 'women of ill-fame no longer form[ed] a distinct caste readily distinguished from other women by dress, manners, and place of residence… . The activities of modern women—slumming, night life, exaggerations in dress, an unchaperoned life outside the home, entrance into business and sports—have erased the outward distinction between the painted sport and the paler protected lady.'
Even 'the scarlet shame' of whores became the symbol of American female respectability. At the unveiling of the First Ladies Red Dress Collection, a charity for heart disease begun in 2005, Laura Bush spoke on behalf of her six predecessors:
'Mrs. Reagan’s love of the color red is well known. Maybe her passion started when a dashing Ronald Reagan proposed to her in a red upholstered booth at a bistro in Los Angeles. America’s First Ladies have found many occasions to wear red. Lady Bird Johnson celebrated her eightieth birthday in her red evening gown. Betty Ford’s and Rosalynn Carter’s red dresses were reliable favorites. Barbara Bush wore red to a state dinner—accompanied, of course, by her pearls. Hillary Clinton’s red dress set just the right tone on Valentine’s Day. And I wore my red dress to the Bolshoi Ballet in Moscow. We’ve all made good use of our red dresses, and now we’re using them to promote our common interest in women’s health'..."
What Does Professor Lancaster Think?
The crossroads of political savvy and personal integrity has always been a game changer in American politics. It's a yin and yang, a harmonious marriage of character and talent that breeds ethical leaders. But, alas, when virtue and ability are divorced, we're left with a bunch of sorry-ass buffoons at the helm. The winds of change have blown away many outdated taboos and opened avenues for greater freedom and inclusivity. It's not just in politics, though. The shifting sands of societal norms have also impacted how we view women, their beauty standards, and what's deemed respectable.
The dance between political expediency and social progress has left a mixed bag of legacies in the ever-evolving landscape of American presidents. Some have deftly balanced the needs of diverse groups, while others have abandoned them in pursuit of electoral gain. It's a delicate tightrope walk that separates the wheat from the chaff, the leaders from the losers. The story of George Washington reads like a fable, but it's all too real. As a military strategist, Washington was the real deal, leading the charge against the British forces during the Revolutionary War. But it wasn't just his tactical prowess that set him apart; his unwavering sense of personal character made him a leader that people could trust and respect. The man was a political virtuoso and a personal titan, two qualities that converged in a way that changed the course of American history forever.
Washington's commitment to integrity was like a beacon guiding him through the war's darkest moments. He understood that leadership wasn't just about winning battles but about winning the hearts and minds of the people. And he did just that. His fellow citizens looked up to him with admiration and gratitude, recognizing that he was a man who embodied the values that they held dear. But Washington didn't stop there. After winning the war, he focused on establishing a strong federal government that would stand the test of time. His dedication to this cause set a precedent for future leaders in terms of political skill and personal integrity. And to this day, his legacy remains a reminder of what authentic leadership looks like.
Back in the day, when the Civil War tore the nation apart, Lincoln was the man with the plan. He knew how to work the system, grease the wheels of power, and get things done. But that wasn't all there was to him, oh no. Lincoln also had a heart as big as the Mississippi and a moral compass that always pointed true. When slavery tore the nation apart, Lincoln stood up for what was right. He fought tooth and nail to end this scourge on humanity and to promote equality for all. And he did it all with grace and style that would make even the most hardened cynic weep.
So let this be a lesson to all you hip cats out there. When the going gets tough, when the chips are down, and when the whole world seems to be falling apart, remember the example of Abraham Lincoln. Because if anyone knew how to navigate the rapids of history, it was him.
Lo, not all American leaders hath possessed the cunning of statecraft and the courage of character in equal measure. Behold, Richard Nixon, whose name doth ring with infamy, hath exemplified this duality in its darkest form. His transgressions in the Watergate affair bare his want for political morality and moral fortitude. His unscrupulousness in the quest for power hath wrought great harm upon the honor of the presidency and sapped the populace's trust in their government.
The evolution of societal attitudes regarding beauty standards and the acceptance of once-forbidden conduct have played a pivotal role in shaping the perception of female respectability in American politics. In the early 1900s, rigid beauty standards and societal expectations placed upon women prohibited them from partaking in activities deemed unsuitable for their gender. However, the women's suffrage and feminist movements of the 60s and 70s challenged these conventional norms, laying the groundwork for women to establish a foothold in politics and assert their power.
Even with all the changes, women in politics still face discrimination based on their gender. They're put under a microscope more than their male counterparts, their personal lives, and actions scrutinized to the Nth degree. It's been crystal clear recently, with Hillary Clinton catching flak for her private email server and Alexandria Ocasio-Cortez getting criticized for her social media game.
As I sit here reflecting on the tumultuous history of this great nation, one thing becomes clear: the delicate dance between political expediency and social progress has shaped the course of American politics in more ways than one. Take, for instance, the enigmatic presidency of Lyndon B. Johnson. On the one hand, the man was a champion of civil rights, a trailblazer who dared to dream of a more inclusive America. His Civil Rights Act and Voting Rights Act of 1965 were nothing short of revolutionary, laying the groundwork for a more just and equitable society. Yet, as with any great leader, Johnson had flaws. His handling of the Vietnam War was, to put it mildly, a disaster, plunging the nation into a quagmire of bloodshed and chaos. And then there was the matter of his use of illegal wiretapping and surveillance tactics, a dark stain on an otherwise admirable legacy.
But such is the nature of politics, my friends. The intersection of power and progress is never a straight line but rather a twisting, turning road that often leads us down unexpected paths. And yet, somehow, we manage to keep moving forward, always striving for that perfect union.
investigating how political aptitude and individual values converge in American politics is crucial. Why? Because it unearths the characteristics required for exemplary leadership and the repercussions of a deficiency in morality. By dissecting the accomplishments and fiascos of previous leaders, we attain a more profound comprehension of the hurdles confronting current and impending politicians. We can strive towards forging a more conscientious and productive political sphere.
THE RUNDOWN
- The combination of political skill and personal integrity is essential for ethical leadership in American politics.
- Societal norms have shifted, leading to greater inclusivity and freedom, especially for women.
- Some American presidents, like George Washington and Abraham Lincoln, exemplified this combination of political savvy and personal integrity.
- However, some leaders have abandoned ethical values in pursuit of political gain, such as Richard Nixon.
- Women in politics still face gender discrimination and intense scrutiny of their personal lives.
- The intersection of political expediency and social progress has shaped the course of American politics, often leading to unexpected paths.
QUESTIONS
- How does the intersection of power and progress shape American politics?
- Can a leader be effective without a strong sense of personal integrity? Why or why not?
- How can we ensure that our political leaders uphold both political aptitude and personal integrity?
RUNDOWN
Listen up, folks! Today we're gonna talk about the Clinton years. You got the Oslo Accords, which were like a small glimmer of hope in the Middle East, but then you got Yugoslavia and the ugly business of ethnic cleansing. And let's not forget the Rwandan genocide, where the Clinton administration dropped the ball. Back at home, we got domestic terrorism, like the Oklahoma City bombing. Clinton tried to get some things done, like universal healthcare and ending the ban on gay people in the military, but he struggled against a Republican Congress.
But it wasn't just politics, folks. This was a time of big changes. We had the Information Technology revolution, making everything global and cheaper. Finance got deregulated, which helped growth, but made financial crises more likely. And then there were the Culture Wars, with a ton of immigration from Latin America and Asia, drawn by the promise of work. The economy grew, but wages remained unequal, especially for non-supervisory workers.
It was a wild time, folks. A lot happened, good and bad. But one thing's for sure - it was never boring.
Listen up, folks! Today we're gonna talk about the Clinton years. You got the Oslo Accords, which were like a small glimmer of hope in the Middle East, but then you got Yugoslavia and the ugly business of ethnic cleansing. And let's not forget the Rwandan genocide, where the Clinton administration dropped the ball. Back at home, we got domestic terrorism, like the Oklahoma City bombing. Clinton tried to get some things done, like universal healthcare and ending the ban on gay people in the military, but he struggled against a Republican Congress.
But it wasn't just politics, folks. This was a time of big changes. We had the Information Technology revolution, making everything global and cheaper. Finance got deregulated, which helped growth, but made financial crises more likely. And then there were the Culture Wars, with a ton of immigration from Latin America and Asia, drawn by the promise of work. The economy grew, but wages remained unequal, especially for non-supervisory workers.
It was a wild time, folks. A lot happened, good and bad. But one thing's for sure - it was never boring.
KEY TERMS
- 1989 The fall of the Berlin Wall/end of the Cold War
- 1989 President George Bush signs into law to pay each surviving Japanese American internee $20,000.
- 1989 Exxon Valdez Oil Spill
- 1990 Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA)
- 1990- Fashion
- 1990 crystal methamphetamine
- 1991 The Gulf War
- 1991 The Console War
- 1991 Anita Hill Speaks Up on Harassment
- 1992 Rodney King
- 1992 Los Angeles riots
- 1992 Ruby Ridge
- 1993 Waco
- 1993 Nirvana
- 1993 Don’t Ask; Don’t Tell
- 1996 Gary Webb
- 1996 Proposition 215
- 1996 Defense of Marriage Act
- 1997 The Death of Biggie and Tupac
- 1998 The Monica Lewinsky Affair
- 1998 Michael Jordan
- 2000- Fashion
DISCLAIMER: Welcome scholars to the wild and wacky world of history class. This isn't your granddaddy's boring ol' lecture, baby. We will take a trip through time, which will be one wild ride. I know some of you are in a brick-and-mortar setting, while others are in the vast digital wasteland. But fear not; we're all in this together. Online students might miss out on some in-person interaction, but you can still join in on the fun. This little shindig aims to get you all engaged with the course material and understand how past societies have shaped the world we know today. We'll talk about revolutions, wars, and other crazy stuff. So get ready, kids, because it's going to be one heck of a trip. And for all, you online students out there, don't be shy. Please share your thoughts and ideas with the rest of us. The Professor will do his best to give everyone an equal opportunity to learn, so don't hold back. So, let's do this thing!
Activity: The Fall of the Berlin Wall
Objective: To explore the significance of the fall of the Berlin Wall in 1989 and its impact on US history.
Instructions:
Activity: "The Rise of the Internet and the Information Age"
Objective: To explore the impact of the internet on American society and culture during the 1990s.
Instructions:
SUMMARY
ASSIGNMENTS
Forum Discussion #14
13News Now is a YouTube channel that primarily covers news, weather, and sports stories from the Hampton Roads area of Virginia, USA. The channel features a mix of local and national news coverage, as well as breaking news updates and live event coverage. Additionally, the channel offers a range of original content such as interviews, feature stories, and special reports. Watch the following video and answer the following:
Activity: The Fall of the Berlin Wall
Objective: To explore the significance of the fall of the Berlin Wall in 1989 and its impact on US history.
Instructions:
- Begin the activity by displaying a map of Europe and asking students to locate Germany and the city of Berlin.
- Show students images of the Berlin Wall and explain its history, including why it was built and the impact it had on the world.
- Provide a timeline of events leading up to the fall of the Berlin Wall in 1989, including the role of US leaders such as President Ronald Reagan.
- Divide students into small groups and assign each group a different excerpt from a speech given by a US leader during this time period. Examples include Reagan's "Tear Down This Wall" speech, George H.W. Bush's address on German reunification, and Bill Clinton's remarks on the 10th anniversary of the fall of the Berlin Wall.
- In their groups, students should read and analyze their assigned excerpt, focusing on the language used and the message conveyed.
- Once students have had time to discuss their excerpts, bring the class back together for a discussion on the significance of the fall of the Berlin Wall and its impact on US history. Topics to consider might include the end of the Cold War, the reunification of Germany, and the changing geopolitical landscape of Europe.
- As a final activity, ask students to reflect on what they've learned and write a short essay on the following prompt: "Why was the fall of the Berlin Wall significant for US history?"
Activity: "The Rise of the Internet and the Information Age"
Objective: To explore the impact of the internet on American society and culture during the 1990s.
Instructions:
- Begin by introducing the topic of the internet and its impact on American society during the 1990s. Ask students to share their own experiences with the internet during this time period.
- Divide the class into small groups of 3-4 students.
- Instruct each group to research a different aspect of the internet's impact on American society during the 1990s. Possible topics could include:
- The rise of e-commerce and online shopping
- The impact of the internet on journalism and the news media
- The emergence of online communities and social networking
- The impact of the internet on entertainment and popular culture
- Once each group has completed their research, have them present their findings to the class. Encourage them to use visuals such as images, graphs, or videos to enhance their presentations.
- After each group has presented, lead a class discussion on the overall impact of the internet on American society during the 1990s. Use the whiteboard or chalkboard to create a visual map of the different ways the internet impacted American life during this time period.
- As a class, reflect on how the rise of the internet and the Information Age continues to shape American society today.
SUMMARY
- 1989 saw the collapse of the Soviet Union and the Berlin Wall, which led to increased global unity and economic prosperity.
- Advancements in technology, particularly the rise of the internet, transformed how we communicate and share information.
- The Rodney King riots in 1991 highlighted the need for law enforcement reform in America.
- The Oklahoma City bombing in 1995 showed the need for protection against domestic threats.
- The impeachment of President Bill Clinton in 1998 underscored the need for greater accountability in American politics.
- American exceptionalism is the idea that the US is inherently different from other nations and has a unique role in the world.
- However, it can lead to assumptions of superiority and entitlement.
- American history is morally flawed due to issues like slavery, civil rights, and social welfare.
- Ethical leadership in American politics requires a combination of political skill and personal integrity.
- Women in politics still face discrimination and scrutiny.
- The intersection of political expediency and social progress shapes the course of American politics.
ASSIGNMENTS
- Forum Discussion #14
Forum Discussion #14
13News Now is a YouTube channel that primarily covers news, weather, and sports stories from the Hampton Roads area of Virginia, USA. The channel features a mix of local and national news coverage, as well as breaking news updates and live event coverage. Additionally, the channel offers a range of original content such as interviews, feature stories, and special reports. Watch the following video and answer the following:
What impact did the console wars of 1991 have on the future of video game consoles? How did this competition shape the industry and influence the direction of gaming as we know it today? Additionally, what role do you think nostalgia plays in our fascination with these early console wars, and how does this shape our understanding of gaming history?
Need help? Remember the Discussion Board Rubric.
THE RUNDOWN
Imagine, if you will, a time when video game consoles were not yet the omnipresent entities they are today. A time when they were still struggling to establish their place in the consumer zeitgeist, vying for dominance in a market that was only just beginning to take shape. It was the year of our lord, 1991, and two titans of the industry, Nintendo's Super Nintendo and Sega Genesis, went head-to-head in what would become known as the "console wars." In a news segment that is as nostalgic as it is informative, we are treated to a look back at the last Christmas gift of the year and the fierce competition that made it all possible. Featuring insights from video game expert and special projects producer Chris Colette, we learn how the Atari 2600 was the king of the video game hill in the early 80s until a market crash sent it into obscurity.
But then, in 1991, a seismic shift occurred. The console wars had begun, and the world would never be the same. It was a battle of epic proportions, pitting Nintendo's iconic Mario against Sega's speedy Sonic, with gamers everywhere taking sides and fighting for their favorite console. And yet, despite the intense rivalry, both consoles ended up crushing sales expectations by the end of the year, proving once and for all that video game consoles were here to stay. Chris Colette, a true lover of the genre, still owns and plays both the Super Nintendo and Sega Genesis, a testament to the enduring legacy of the console wars of 1991.
WORK CITED
Hey, welcome to the work cited section! Here's where you'll find all the heavy hitters that inspired the content you've just consumed. Some might think citations are as dull as unbuttered toast, but nothing gets my intellectual juices flowing like a good reference list. Don't get me wrong, just because we've cited a source; doesn't mean we're always going to see eye-to-eye. But that's the beauty of it - it's up to you to chew on the material and come to conclusions. Listen, we've gone to great lengths to ensure these citations are accurate, but let's face it, we're all human. So, give us a holler if you notice any mistakes or suggest more sources. We're always looking to up our game. Ultimately, it's all about pursuing knowledge and truth, my friends.
LEGAL MUMBO JUMBO
Need help? Remember the Discussion Board Rubric.
THE RUNDOWN
Imagine, if you will, a time when video game consoles were not yet the omnipresent entities they are today. A time when they were still struggling to establish their place in the consumer zeitgeist, vying for dominance in a market that was only just beginning to take shape. It was the year of our lord, 1991, and two titans of the industry, Nintendo's Super Nintendo and Sega Genesis, went head-to-head in what would become known as the "console wars." In a news segment that is as nostalgic as it is informative, we are treated to a look back at the last Christmas gift of the year and the fierce competition that made it all possible. Featuring insights from video game expert and special projects producer Chris Colette, we learn how the Atari 2600 was the king of the video game hill in the early 80s until a market crash sent it into obscurity.
But then, in 1991, a seismic shift occurred. The console wars had begun, and the world would never be the same. It was a battle of epic proportions, pitting Nintendo's iconic Mario against Sega's speedy Sonic, with gamers everywhere taking sides and fighting for their favorite console. And yet, despite the intense rivalry, both consoles ended up crushing sales expectations by the end of the year, proving once and for all that video game consoles were here to stay. Chris Colette, a true lover of the genre, still owns and plays both the Super Nintendo and Sega Genesis, a testament to the enduring legacy of the console wars of 1991.
WORK CITED
Hey, welcome to the work cited section! Here's where you'll find all the heavy hitters that inspired the content you've just consumed. Some might think citations are as dull as unbuttered toast, but nothing gets my intellectual juices flowing like a good reference list. Don't get me wrong, just because we've cited a source; doesn't mean we're always going to see eye-to-eye. But that's the beauty of it - it's up to you to chew on the material and come to conclusions. Listen, we've gone to great lengths to ensure these citations are accurate, but let's face it, we're all human. So, give us a holler if you notice any mistakes or suggest more sources. We're always looking to up our game. Ultimately, it's all about pursuing knowledge and truth, my friends.
- Hanyok, R. J. "The Gulf of Tonkin Incident, 50 Years Later." NSA's Center for Cryptologic History, National Security Agency, https://www.nsa.gov/News-Features/Declassified-Documents/Gulf-of-Tonkin/.
- Grimmett, R. F. "The Gulf of Tonkin Resolution: Anatomy of a Vote." Congressional Research Service, Congressional Research Service, https://fas.org/sgp/crs/natsec/R42784.pdf.
- "The National Park Service. Civil Rights Timeline." National Park Service, U.S. Department of the Interior, https://www.nps.gov/subjects/civilrights/timeline.htm.
- "The Library of Congress. US Economy of the 1980s and 1990s." The Library of Congress, https://www.loc.gov/classroom-materials/united-states-history-primary-source-timeline/1980-to-present/us-economy-of-the-1980s-and-1990s/.
- Woolf, A. F. "Weapons of Mass Destruction (WMD) in Iraq." Congressional Research Service, Congressional Research Service, https://fas.org/sgp/crs/natsec/RL32217.pdf.
- "The Jimmy Carter Presidential Library and Museum. The Hostage Crisis." The Jimmy Carter Presidential Library and Museum, https://www.jimmycarterlibrary.gov/crisis/hostages.phtml.
- "The Ronald Reagan Presidential Library and Museum. U.S.-Soviet Relations." The Ronald Reagan Presidential Library and Museum, https://www.reaganlibrary.gov/research/speeches/10685c.
- Jacoby, T. "The New Right, Then and Now." Dissent Magazine, vol. 61, no. 1, 2014, pp. 25-31, https://www.dissentmagazine.org/article/the-new-right-then-and-now.
- Perlstein, R. Before the Storm: Barry Goldwater and the Unmaking of the American Consensus. Hill and Wang, 2010.
- Schulman, B. "The New Right and the Rise of the Alt-Right." The Nation, vol. 302, no. 14, 2016, pp. 28-34, https://www.thenation.com/article/archive/the-new-right-and-the-rise-of-the-alt-right/.
- Maxwell, J. C. "George Washington's Leadership Qualities." Forbes, 16 Feb. 2015, https://www.forbes.com/sites/johnmaxwell/2015/02/16/george-washingtons-leadership-qualities/?sh=7b708cbb733c.
- Zarefsky, D. "Abraham Lincoln and Character." The Lincoln Forum, 20 Apr. 2015, https://www.thelincolnforum.org/abraham-lincoln-and-character.
LEGAL MUMBO JUMBO
- (Disclaimer: This is not professional or legal advice. If it were, the article would be followed with an invoice. Do not expect to win any social media arguments by hyperlinking my articles. Chances are, we are both wrong).
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