Module Eleven: Miles & Motoring
In the dusty archives of American history, there are tales that scholars adore spinning into epic sagas. The saga of the Erie Canal's construction in 1825 is one such yarn—a narrative woven with perseverance, ingenuity, and enough dirt to bury a herd of buffalo. The tale makes you itch to don a hard hat and shout, "Let's make something happen!"
But let's not don rose-tinted glasses just yet. Yes, the Erie Canal was monumental. It was the 19th-century equivalent of a blockbuster halftime show, minus the glitzy outfits and pop idols—replace those with mud-caked laborers and mules towing barges. Glamour, redefined. Michigan might seem like something other than a likely contender in this grand canal chronicle. It's not exactly renowned for its waterways—unless you count the ones that freeze over in winter and double as impromptu hockey rinks. Yet, the Erie Canal's impact on Michigan was as tangible as a frostbitten finger.
On the upside, the canal opened floodgates of trade for Michigan. Suddenly, they could ship their wares eastward quicker than you could utter, "By golly, that's a heap of lumber!" Michigan had agricultural bounty, timber, minerals—you name it- and now they could peddle it across the nation without breaking a sweat. But with lucrative trade routes come fierce economic tussles. The Erie Canal transformed cities like New York into bustling commercial meccas, leaving Michigan scrambling to catch up like a tardy kid joining a game of marbles halfway through. Talk about feeling like the last pickle in the jar.
And let's not neglect Mother Nature's grievances, for she certainly hasn't. The canal's construction wreaked havoc on Michigan's pristine wilderness, triggering deforestation and other eco-mishaps. It was akin to a lumberjack jamboree, minus the post-party cleanup crew. It wasn't all woes and worries. Thanks to the Erie Canal, Detroit snagged its moment in the spotlight. Suddenly, it was the belle of the ball, the Kanye West of the Midwest. The city flourished with industry and commerce, emerging as a beacon of... well, you guessed it, industry and commerce.
So, why should we talk about this Erie Canal hullabaloo today? Because history's penchant for déjà vu is no joke. The economic wisdom from the Canal era remains pertinent in today's dog-eat-dog world of globalization and e-commerce. Infrastructure talks never go out of style, whether about canals or fiber-optic threads. And let's not brush aside environmental concerns, for Earth is our only abode, folks. Delving into the ecological repercussions of the Erie Canal can impart invaluable lessons on balancing progress with preservation—lessons that resonate louder now than ever before.
So, the next time you sip on a locally brewed Michigan beer or gaze upon Detroit's skyline, spare a thought for the Erie Canal. Because whether you realize it or not, that muddy old ditch played a pivotal role in sculpting today's world. And that's a narrative worthy of a raised glass or two.
THE RUNDOWN
QUESTIONS
But let's not don rose-tinted glasses just yet. Yes, the Erie Canal was monumental. It was the 19th-century equivalent of a blockbuster halftime show, minus the glitzy outfits and pop idols—replace those with mud-caked laborers and mules towing barges. Glamour, redefined. Michigan might seem like something other than a likely contender in this grand canal chronicle. It's not exactly renowned for its waterways—unless you count the ones that freeze over in winter and double as impromptu hockey rinks. Yet, the Erie Canal's impact on Michigan was as tangible as a frostbitten finger.
On the upside, the canal opened floodgates of trade for Michigan. Suddenly, they could ship their wares eastward quicker than you could utter, "By golly, that's a heap of lumber!" Michigan had agricultural bounty, timber, minerals—you name it- and now they could peddle it across the nation without breaking a sweat. But with lucrative trade routes come fierce economic tussles. The Erie Canal transformed cities like New York into bustling commercial meccas, leaving Michigan scrambling to catch up like a tardy kid joining a game of marbles halfway through. Talk about feeling like the last pickle in the jar.
And let's not neglect Mother Nature's grievances, for she certainly hasn't. The canal's construction wreaked havoc on Michigan's pristine wilderness, triggering deforestation and other eco-mishaps. It was akin to a lumberjack jamboree, minus the post-party cleanup crew. It wasn't all woes and worries. Thanks to the Erie Canal, Detroit snagged its moment in the spotlight. Suddenly, it was the belle of the ball, the Kanye West of the Midwest. The city flourished with industry and commerce, emerging as a beacon of... well, you guessed it, industry and commerce.
So, why should we talk about this Erie Canal hullabaloo today? Because history's penchant for déjà vu is no joke. The economic wisdom from the Canal era remains pertinent in today's dog-eat-dog world of globalization and e-commerce. Infrastructure talks never go out of style, whether about canals or fiber-optic threads. And let's not brush aside environmental concerns, for Earth is our only abode, folks. Delving into the ecological repercussions of the Erie Canal can impart invaluable lessons on balancing progress with preservation—lessons that resonate louder now than ever before.
So, the next time you sip on a locally brewed Michigan beer or gaze upon Detroit's skyline, spare a thought for the Erie Canal. Because whether you realize it or not, that muddy old ditch played a pivotal role in sculpting today's world. And that's a narrative worthy of a raised glass or two.
THE RUNDOWN
- The Erie Canal, an epic tale of grit and ingenuity in American history, reshaped trade routes with muddy laborers and barge-towing mules.
- Despite Michigan's icy reputation, the canal's impact on the state was as real as frostbite, opening up new avenues for trade and commerce.
- Yet, with newfound prosperity came economic competition, leaving Michigan playing catch-up like a tardy kid in a game of marbles.
- Environmental woes followed in the wake of progress, with the canal's construction wreaking havoc on Michigan's wilderness like a raucous lumberjack party.
- Nevertheless, Detroit emerged as a shining beacon of industry and commerce, basking in the limelight akin to a Midwest Kanye West.
- Today, the Erie Canal saga remains relevant, offering lessons on economic dynamics and environmental stewardship in an ever-changing world.
QUESTIONS
- How did the construction of the Erie Canal redefine trade routes in 19th-century America, and what role did it play in shaping the economic landscape of the time?
- Considering Michigan's unexpected involvement in the Erie Canal saga, what were the key economic benefits and challenges the state faced as a result of the canal's completion?
- In what ways did the Erie Canal contribute to economic competition among states, particularly between bustling commercial hubs like New York and emerging industrial centers like Detroit?
#11 Avoid Pseudohistory
In the whirlwind of human existence, history enters like a flamboyant uncle at a family gathering, regaling tales of triumphs and tragedies. Yet, lurking amidst its narratives is pseudohistory, the unreliable cousin who embellishes truths and conveniently ignores inconvenient details. Like a mischievous storyteller, pseudohistory cherry-picks facts, leaving a trail of confusion and misinformation. From ancient aliens to Holocaust deniers, it wears many ludicrous masks, worming into our collective consciousness. In the digital age, it thrives, saturating the internet with clickbait articles and dodgy documentaries. To navigate this landscape, one must question everything, dig deeper, and maintain a healthy dose of skepticism, for in the game of history, truth is the ultimate prize amidst a sea of knockoffs.
Characteristics of Pseudohistory:
Unfalsifiability: Pseudohistory often eludes scrutiny by being unfalsifiable. Like a slippery eel, it evades attempts to pin it down or prove it wrong. For example, the belief that Christopher Columbus was the first to discover America ignores the established fact that indigenous populations thrived on the continent long before his arrival.
Reliance on Anecdotes: Pseudohistory relies heavily on anecdotes rather than verifiable evidence. The claim that extraterrestrial beings aided in building the pyramids exemplifies this, as it is based on hearsay rather than the overwhelming evidence supporting the role of skilled human workers.
Cherry Picking: Pseudohistorical writers selectively choose evidence that fits their narrative while ignoring contradictory facts. Holocaust deniers, for instance, cherry-pick sources to support their distorted view, dismissing a vast body of evidence attesting to the historical reality of the Holocaust.
Obfuscation: Pseudohistory often employs obfuscation through complex language and technical terms to create an illusion of legitimacy. Flat-earth theories, for instance, use confusing language to mask the lack of scientific evidence supporting their claims.
Lack of Plausible Mechanisms: Pseudohistory frequently lacks reasonable explanations for extraordinary claims. The notion that ancient aliens assisted in building the pyramids fails to provide a logical mechanism for their arrival and purpose, relying instead on fantastical assertions.
Resistance to Change: Pseudohistory remains unyielding in the face of alternative interpretations or new evidence. For example, despite overwhelming evidence supporting Shakespeare's authorship, some pseudohistorians persist in disputing it, showcasing a refusal to acknowledge facts that challenge their preconceived notions.
Extraordinary Claims: Pseudohistory often makes bold, unsupported claims, such as the belief in a global Illuminati conspiracy. These claims lack the evidence required to substantiate their extraordinary nature.
Professed Certainty: Pseudohistory, in its quest for conviction, often presents historical events with unwarranted certainty. The claim that the United States was founded solely as a Christian nation oversimplifies the complex views of the founding fathers, disregarding nuance and historical context.
Logical Fallacies: Pseudohistorians frequently employ logical fallacies to distract from the lack of evidence. Climate change deniers, for instance, use straw man arguments to divert attention from the overwhelming scientific consensus on climate change.
Lack of Peer Review: Pseudohistory is characterized by the absence of rigorous peer review, allowing unfounded claims to circulate without academic scrutiny. Genuine historical research undergoes thorough evaluation by experts, ensuring its credibility.
Conspiracy Claims: Pseudohistory often resorts to claiming a conspiracy to explain the lack of support for its ideas. This diversionary tactic, as seen in the case of Bigfoot, deflects attention from the absence of empirical evidence supporting the pseudohistorical claim.
Significance of Studying Pseudohistory:
Understanding pseudohistory is crucial for several reasons:
Identification and Avoidance of Misinformation: Proficiency in recognizing the traits of pseudohistory empowers individuals to identify and avoid false or misleading historical assertions, particularly in an age where misinformation can rapidly spread through various media channels.
Insight into Historical Research Challenges: Examining pseudohistory provides insight into the challenges and limitations of historical research, emphasizing the need for critical evaluation of sources and the recognition of biases that may impede the quest for historical truth.
Valuing Rigorous Academic Standards: The study of pseudohistory underscores the importance of rigorous academic standards, including peer review, logical arguments, and evidence-based research. Appreciating these standards contributes to a deeper understanding of the scientific method and the meticulousness required in historical research.
Historical Example: In a world where reality takes a coffee break, and imagination runs the show, we're diving deep into the rabbit hole of pseudo-history, with Atlantis at its center. Let's get real: Plato's ancient Greek bombshell about this utopian island has sparked speculation, but the evidence is as solid as Bigfoot riding a unicorn through Area 51. Yet, conspiracy theorists are mixing their cocktails of extraterrestrial construction, ancient advanced civilizations, and modern mysticism faster than you can say "lost city chic." It's like a game of whack-a-mole with historical theories, each wilder than the last, and we're left clinging to rationality's life raft in a sea of pseudo-history. Atlantis may be legendary, but the real mystery is how many are willing to buy into the hype without proof, though who needs facts when you've got a captivating tale? Don't come crying when you realize Atlantis is as accurate as Santa Claus riding a unicorn into the sunset.
Conclusion: History, that blend of truths and tall tales where reality hides shamelessly, pseudohistory skulks like a sly rascal ready to pounce, whispering sweet nonsense about ancient astronauts and reptilian overlords. But fear not, armed with critical thinking, we navigate this maze of distorted narratives, demanding evidence and skepticism to distinguish fact from fiction. History, like a game of broken telephone among tipsy monkeys, may be warped, but it's no excuse to embrace conspiracy theories. Let's raise our glasses to a future where pseudohistory is but a footnote, for if we fail to learn from the past, we're doomed to repeat it—a ride nobody wants to take twice.
RUNDOWN
STATE OF THE STATE
Characteristics of Pseudohistory:
Unfalsifiability: Pseudohistory often eludes scrutiny by being unfalsifiable. Like a slippery eel, it evades attempts to pin it down or prove it wrong. For example, the belief that Christopher Columbus was the first to discover America ignores the established fact that indigenous populations thrived on the continent long before his arrival.
Reliance on Anecdotes: Pseudohistory relies heavily on anecdotes rather than verifiable evidence. The claim that extraterrestrial beings aided in building the pyramids exemplifies this, as it is based on hearsay rather than the overwhelming evidence supporting the role of skilled human workers.
Cherry Picking: Pseudohistorical writers selectively choose evidence that fits their narrative while ignoring contradictory facts. Holocaust deniers, for instance, cherry-pick sources to support their distorted view, dismissing a vast body of evidence attesting to the historical reality of the Holocaust.
Obfuscation: Pseudohistory often employs obfuscation through complex language and technical terms to create an illusion of legitimacy. Flat-earth theories, for instance, use confusing language to mask the lack of scientific evidence supporting their claims.
Lack of Plausible Mechanisms: Pseudohistory frequently lacks reasonable explanations for extraordinary claims. The notion that ancient aliens assisted in building the pyramids fails to provide a logical mechanism for their arrival and purpose, relying instead on fantastical assertions.
Resistance to Change: Pseudohistory remains unyielding in the face of alternative interpretations or new evidence. For example, despite overwhelming evidence supporting Shakespeare's authorship, some pseudohistorians persist in disputing it, showcasing a refusal to acknowledge facts that challenge their preconceived notions.
Extraordinary Claims: Pseudohistory often makes bold, unsupported claims, such as the belief in a global Illuminati conspiracy. These claims lack the evidence required to substantiate their extraordinary nature.
Professed Certainty: Pseudohistory, in its quest for conviction, often presents historical events with unwarranted certainty. The claim that the United States was founded solely as a Christian nation oversimplifies the complex views of the founding fathers, disregarding nuance and historical context.
Logical Fallacies: Pseudohistorians frequently employ logical fallacies to distract from the lack of evidence. Climate change deniers, for instance, use straw man arguments to divert attention from the overwhelming scientific consensus on climate change.
Lack of Peer Review: Pseudohistory is characterized by the absence of rigorous peer review, allowing unfounded claims to circulate without academic scrutiny. Genuine historical research undergoes thorough evaluation by experts, ensuring its credibility.
Conspiracy Claims: Pseudohistory often resorts to claiming a conspiracy to explain the lack of support for its ideas. This diversionary tactic, as seen in the case of Bigfoot, deflects attention from the absence of empirical evidence supporting the pseudohistorical claim.
Significance of Studying Pseudohistory:
Understanding pseudohistory is crucial for several reasons:
Identification and Avoidance of Misinformation: Proficiency in recognizing the traits of pseudohistory empowers individuals to identify and avoid false or misleading historical assertions, particularly in an age where misinformation can rapidly spread through various media channels.
Insight into Historical Research Challenges: Examining pseudohistory provides insight into the challenges and limitations of historical research, emphasizing the need for critical evaluation of sources and the recognition of biases that may impede the quest for historical truth.
Valuing Rigorous Academic Standards: The study of pseudohistory underscores the importance of rigorous academic standards, including peer review, logical arguments, and evidence-based research. Appreciating these standards contributes to a deeper understanding of the scientific method and the meticulousness required in historical research.
Historical Example: In a world where reality takes a coffee break, and imagination runs the show, we're diving deep into the rabbit hole of pseudo-history, with Atlantis at its center. Let's get real: Plato's ancient Greek bombshell about this utopian island has sparked speculation, but the evidence is as solid as Bigfoot riding a unicorn through Area 51. Yet, conspiracy theorists are mixing their cocktails of extraterrestrial construction, ancient advanced civilizations, and modern mysticism faster than you can say "lost city chic." It's like a game of whack-a-mole with historical theories, each wilder than the last, and we're left clinging to rationality's life raft in a sea of pseudo-history. Atlantis may be legendary, but the real mystery is how many are willing to buy into the hype without proof, though who needs facts when you've got a captivating tale? Don't come crying when you realize Atlantis is as accurate as Santa Claus riding a unicorn into the sunset.
Conclusion: History, that blend of truths and tall tales where reality hides shamelessly, pseudohistory skulks like a sly rascal ready to pounce, whispering sweet nonsense about ancient astronauts and reptilian overlords. But fear not, armed with critical thinking, we navigate this maze of distorted narratives, demanding evidence and skepticism to distinguish fact from fiction. History, like a game of broken telephone among tipsy monkeys, may be warped, but it's no excuse to embrace conspiracy theories. Let's raise our glasses to a future where pseudohistory is but a footnote, for if we fail to learn from the past, we're doomed to repeat it—a ride nobody wants to take twice.
RUNDOWN
- Pseudohistory is like that flashy uncle at a family party, telling stories that mix truth with made-up stuff and confuse us all.
- It's hard to prove pseudohistory wrong because it dodges questions, like saying Columbus found America first when really, Native Americans were already here.
- Pseudohistory often relies on stories rather than facts, like saying aliens helped build pyramids, even though there's no real proof.
- Some people pick and choose facts to support their made-up stories, like denying the Holocaust despite lots of evidence.
- Pseudohistory doesn't like to change, and it makes big claims without much proof, so we need to be careful and ask for evidence.
- Learning about pseudohistory helps us spot false information, understand history better, and appreciate how real research works.
STATE OF THE STATE
Map of Michigan, 1822 CE.
HIGHLIGHTS
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We've got some fine classroom lectures coming your way, all courtesy of the RPTM podcast. These lectures will take you on a wild ride through history, exploring everything from ancient civilizations and epic battles to scientific breakthroughs and artistic revolutions. The podcast will guide you through each lecture with its no-nonsense, straight-talking style, using various sources to give you the lowdown on each topic. You won't find any fancy-pants jargon or convoluted theories here, just plain and straightforward explanations anyone can understand. So sit back and prepare to soak up some knowledge.
LECTURES
LECTURES
- UNDER CONSTRUCTION!
READING
This class utilizes the following textbook:
Hathaway, Richard J. Michigan Visions of Our Past. United States Of America: Michigan State University Press, 1989.
"Michigan: Visions of Our Past" is an exhilarating adventure through the state's eventful history, led by scholars like Hathaway wielding the tools of the past. This collection reads like a diverse assortment of exciting stories and surprising revelations, providing a non-linear exploration of Michigan's struggle with its identity – be it navigating labor disputes, economic ups and downs, or the enduring conflict between religion and education. The book, resembling more of a mind-bending trip than a traditional history lesson, reflects Michigan's tumultuous history, encouraging readers to recognize that history is not merely a forgotten tome but a guidebook for the state's uncertain future. In this unconventional narrative, Michigan's history unfolds as a disorderly, absurd spectacle – a turbulent, unpredictable journey that embraces idiosyncrasies, confronts challenges, and invites everyone to the lively celebration of the past.
- Hathaway Chapter Seven: Modernizing Michigan: Political and Social Trends, 1836-1866"
This class utilizes the following textbook:
Hathaway, Richard J. Michigan Visions of Our Past. United States Of America: Michigan State University Press, 1989.
"Michigan: Visions of Our Past" is an exhilarating adventure through the state's eventful history, led by scholars like Hathaway wielding the tools of the past. This collection reads like a diverse assortment of exciting stories and surprising revelations, providing a non-linear exploration of Michigan's struggle with its identity – be it navigating labor disputes, economic ups and downs, or the enduring conflict between religion and education. The book, resembling more of a mind-bending trip than a traditional history lesson, reflects Michigan's tumultuous history, encouraging readers to recognize that history is not merely a forgotten tome but a guidebook for the state's uncertain future. In this unconventional narrative, Michigan's history unfolds as a disorderly, absurd spectacle – a turbulent, unpredictable journey that embraces idiosyncrasies, confronts challenges, and invites everyone to the lively celebration of the past.
Howard Zinn was a historian, writer, and political activist known for his critical analysis of American history. He is particularly well-known for his counter-narrative to traditional American history accounts and highlights marginalized groups' experiences and perspectives. Zinn's work is often associated with social history and is known for his Marxist and socialist views. Larry Schweikart is also a historian, but his work and perspective are often considered more conservative. Schweikart's work is often associated with military history, and he is known for his support of free-market economics and limited government. Overall, Zinn and Schweikart have different perspectives on various historical issues and events and may interpret historical events and phenomena differently. Occasionally, we will also look at Thaddeus Russell, a historian, author, and academic. Russell has written extensively on the history of social and cultural change, and his work focuses on how marginalized and oppressed groups have challenged and transformed mainstream culture. Russell is known for his unconventional and controversial ideas, and his work has been praised for its originality and provocative nature.
My classes utilize both Howard Zinn's A People's History of the United States and Larry Schweikart's Patriot's History of the United States, mostly in excerpts posted to the modules.
My classes utilize both Howard Zinn's A People's History of the United States and Larry Schweikart's Patriot's History of the United States, mostly in excerpts posted to the modules.
Zinn, A People's History of the United States
"... Between 1860 and 1910, the U.S. army, wiping out the Indian villages on the Great Plains, paved the way for the railroads to move in and take the best land. Then the farmers came for what was left. From 1860 to 1900 the population of the United States grew from 31 million to
75 million; now 20 million people lived west of the Mississippi, and the number of farms grew from 2 million to 6 million. With the crowded cities of the East needing food, the internal market for food was more than doubled; 82 percent of the farm produce was sold inside the
United States.
Farming became mechanized-steel plows, mowing machines, reapers, harvesters, improved cotton gins for pulling the fibers away from the seed, and, by the turn of the century, giant combines that cut the grain, threshed it, and put it in bags. In 1830 a bushel of wheat had taken three hours to produce. By 1900, it took ten minutes. Specialization developed by region: cotton and tobacco in the South, wheat and corn in the Midwest.
Land cost money, and machines cost money-so farmers had to borrow, hoping that the prices of their harvests would stay high, so they could pay the bank for the loan, the railroad for transportation, the grain merchant for handling their grain, the storage elevator for storing it. But they found the prices for their produce going down, and the prices of transportation and loans going up, because the individual farmer could not control the price of his grain, while the monopolist railroad and the monopolist banker could charge what they liked..."
"... Between 1860 and 1910, the U.S. army, wiping out the Indian villages on the Great Plains, paved the way for the railroads to move in and take the best land. Then the farmers came for what was left. From 1860 to 1900 the population of the United States grew from 31 million to
75 million; now 20 million people lived west of the Mississippi, and the number of farms grew from 2 million to 6 million. With the crowded cities of the East needing food, the internal market for food was more than doubled; 82 percent of the farm produce was sold inside the
United States.
Farming became mechanized-steel plows, mowing machines, reapers, harvesters, improved cotton gins for pulling the fibers away from the seed, and, by the turn of the century, giant combines that cut the grain, threshed it, and put it in bags. In 1830 a bushel of wheat had taken three hours to produce. By 1900, it took ten minutes. Specialization developed by region: cotton and tobacco in the South, wheat and corn in the Midwest.
Land cost money, and machines cost money-so farmers had to borrow, hoping that the prices of their harvests would stay high, so they could pay the bank for the loan, the railroad for transportation, the grain merchant for handling their grain, the storage elevator for storing it. But they found the prices for their produce going down, and the prices of transportation and loans going up, because the individual farmer could not control the price of his grain, while the monopolist railroad and the monopolist banker could charge what they liked..."
Larry Schweikart, A Patriot's History of the United States
"... By 1840 most states had railroads, although the Atlantic seaboard states had more than 60 percent of total rail mileage. Like the canals, many railroads received state backing. Some were constructed by individual entrepreneurs. But the high capital demands of the railroads, combined with the public’s desire to link up every burg by rail, led to states taking a growing role in the financing of American railroads.27 Railroads’ size and scope of operations required huge amounts of capital compared to textile mills or iron works. This dynamic forced them to adopt a new structure in which the multiple stockholder owners selected a professional manager to run the firm. By the 1840s, banks and railroads were inexorably linked, not only through the generation of capital, but also through the new layer of professional managers (many of them put in place by the banks that owned the majority stock positions). As transportation improved, communications networks also proliferated. Banks could evaluate the quality of private bank note issues through Dillistin’s Bank Note Reporter, which was widely circulated. The Cincinnati-based Bradstreet Company provided similar evaluation of businesses themselves. Investor knowledge benefited from the expansion of the U.S. Post Office, which had over 18,000 branches by 1850—one for every 1,300 people. Congress had a direct stake in the Post Office in that congressional apportionment was based on population, and since constituents clamored for new routes, there was a built-in bias in favor of expanding the postal network. Most routes did not even bear more than 1 percent of their cost, but that was irrelevant, given the political gains they represented. In addition to their value in apportionment, the postal branches offered legislators a free election tool. Congressmen shipped speeches and other election materials to constituents free, thanks to the franking privileges. Partisan concerns also linked post office branches and the party-controlled newspapers by reducing the cost of distribution through the mails. From 1800 to 1840, the number of newspapers transmitted through the mails rose from 2 million to almost 140 million at far cheaper rates than other printed matter. Postal historian Richard John estimated that if the newspapers had paid the same rate as other mails, the transmission costs would have been 700 times higher..."
"... By 1840 most states had railroads, although the Atlantic seaboard states had more than 60 percent of total rail mileage. Like the canals, many railroads received state backing. Some were constructed by individual entrepreneurs. But the high capital demands of the railroads, combined with the public’s desire to link up every burg by rail, led to states taking a growing role in the financing of American railroads.27 Railroads’ size and scope of operations required huge amounts of capital compared to textile mills or iron works. This dynamic forced them to adopt a new structure in which the multiple stockholder owners selected a professional manager to run the firm. By the 1840s, banks and railroads were inexorably linked, not only through the generation of capital, but also through the new layer of professional managers (many of them put in place by the banks that owned the majority stock positions). As transportation improved, communications networks also proliferated. Banks could evaluate the quality of private bank note issues through Dillistin’s Bank Note Reporter, which was widely circulated. The Cincinnati-based Bradstreet Company provided similar evaluation of businesses themselves. Investor knowledge benefited from the expansion of the U.S. Post Office, which had over 18,000 branches by 1850—one for every 1,300 people. Congress had a direct stake in the Post Office in that congressional apportionment was based on population, and since constituents clamored for new routes, there was a built-in bias in favor of expanding the postal network. Most routes did not even bear more than 1 percent of their cost, but that was irrelevant, given the political gains they represented. In addition to their value in apportionment, the postal branches offered legislators a free election tool. Congressmen shipped speeches and other election materials to constituents free, thanks to the franking privileges. Partisan concerns also linked post office branches and the party-controlled newspapers by reducing the cost of distribution through the mails. From 1800 to 1840, the number of newspapers transmitted through the mails rose from 2 million to almost 140 million at far cheaper rates than other printed matter. Postal historian Richard John estimated that if the newspapers had paid the same rate as other mails, the transmission costs would have been 700 times higher..."
Thaddeus Russell, A Renegade History of the United States
... In the 1910s, semilegal vice commissions were formed in virtually every major city with the goal of the 'absolute annihilation of the Social Evil.' They carried ominous names like the New England Watch and Ward Society, the New York Committee of Fourteen, and the Los Angeles Morals Efficiency Committee. Headed by august gentlemen but staffed mostly by female social workers, the vice commissions conducted investigations using undercover agents, publicized their findings in local newspapers, and lobbied aggressively for municipal and state authorities to take action against brothels, madams, prostitutes, and their clients. Between 1910 and 1915, some thirty-five vice commissions issued reports declaring that prostitution was 'an intolerable fact of life.' Special courts were established to handle the new wave of prosecutions, including the Domestic Relations Court in Philadelphia, the Morals Court in Chicago, and the Women’s Court in New York. Several states built prostitute reformatories. Inmates were made to practice sewing, cleaning, and cooking. More often, judges sent convicted prostitutes to county workhouses. The federal government did its part in 1910 with the passage of the Mann Act, also called the White Slave Traffic Act, which made illegal the transportation of women across state lines for “immoral purposes.'..."
... In the 1910s, semilegal vice commissions were formed in virtually every major city with the goal of the 'absolute annihilation of the Social Evil.' They carried ominous names like the New England Watch and Ward Society, the New York Committee of Fourteen, and the Los Angeles Morals Efficiency Committee. Headed by august gentlemen but staffed mostly by female social workers, the vice commissions conducted investigations using undercover agents, publicized their findings in local newspapers, and lobbied aggressively for municipal and state authorities to take action against brothels, madams, prostitutes, and their clients. Between 1910 and 1915, some thirty-five vice commissions issued reports declaring that prostitution was 'an intolerable fact of life.' Special courts were established to handle the new wave of prosecutions, including the Domestic Relations Court in Philadelphia, the Morals Court in Chicago, and the Women’s Court in New York. Several states built prostitute reformatories. Inmates were made to practice sewing, cleaning, and cooking. More often, judges sent convicted prostitutes to county workhouses. The federal government did its part in 1910 with the passage of the Mann Act, also called the White Slave Traffic Act, which made illegal the transportation of women across state lines for “immoral purposes.'..."
In the vast saga of American history, the chapter on westward expansion shines like a beacon of manifest destiny, a narrative of conquering frontiers and broadening horizons. Yet, beneath the glossy sheen of nostalgia lies a tale brimming with contradictions, intricacies, and enough drama to rival the most gripping reality TV series.
Imagine this:
It's the quintessential American dream, with all the elements of rugged self-reliance and entrepreneurial spirit. However, a murkier reality lies beyond the allure of gold rushes and land grabs, one that Michigan knows all too well.
Nestled snugly beside the Great Lakes, Michigan was thrust into the tumult of westward expansion. As the U.S. Army played a real-life game of property acquisition with Native American territories, Michigan's economy stood poised for transformation. Enter the railroad, that iron behemoth tearing through the landscape like a cowboy on a wild spree.
The Detroit and Milwaukee Railroad, a symbol of human ambition and greed, sliced through Michigan's heart like a surgical blade, linking the bustling hub of Detroit to the beer-soaked streets of Milwaukee. It was hailed as progress, a sign of civilization taming the wilderness. Yet, beneath the gleaming facade of advancement lay a trail of broken promises, dashed dreams, and the odor of exploitation.
Admittedly, the railroad brought prosperity to Michigan, opening up new avenues and ushering in an era of unparalleled economic boom. I'm wondering what expense? As the wheels of progress rolled forward, they left in their wake a trail of devastation for Native American tribes, their ancestral lands despoiled in the name of advancement. And let's not overlook the small farmers, the backbone of rural America, squeezed out by the iron grip of corporate giants.
Today, as we sip our artisanal coffees and document our culinary adventures on social media, it's easy to overlook the toil and strife that built the America we cherish. Yet, the echoes of history resound through time, reminding us that progress exacts a toll, and sometimes, that toll is too steep to bear.
Michigan, the unheralded protagonist of westward expansion, is a state forged in the crucible of ambition and tempered by the harsh realities of the American dream. As we gaze upon the sprawling expanse of Detroit, let's remember the sacrifices made and the lives lost in pursuing progress. Ultimately, it's not merely about laying tracks or striking it rich—it's about reckoning with our past and crafting a future that honors the intricate tapestry of our shared humanity.
THE RUNDOWN
QUESTIONS
Imagine this:
- A rugged expanse of uncharted wildernessBustling with bison
- Native American tribes
- Eager settlers armed with dreams of striking gold
It's the quintessential American dream, with all the elements of rugged self-reliance and entrepreneurial spirit. However, a murkier reality lies beyond the allure of gold rushes and land grabs, one that Michigan knows all too well.
Nestled snugly beside the Great Lakes, Michigan was thrust into the tumult of westward expansion. As the U.S. Army played a real-life game of property acquisition with Native American territories, Michigan's economy stood poised for transformation. Enter the railroad, that iron behemoth tearing through the landscape like a cowboy on a wild spree.
The Detroit and Milwaukee Railroad, a symbol of human ambition and greed, sliced through Michigan's heart like a surgical blade, linking the bustling hub of Detroit to the beer-soaked streets of Milwaukee. It was hailed as progress, a sign of civilization taming the wilderness. Yet, beneath the gleaming facade of advancement lay a trail of broken promises, dashed dreams, and the odor of exploitation.
Admittedly, the railroad brought prosperity to Michigan, opening up new avenues and ushering in an era of unparalleled economic boom. I'm wondering what expense? As the wheels of progress rolled forward, they left in their wake a trail of devastation for Native American tribes, their ancestral lands despoiled in the name of advancement. And let's not overlook the small farmers, the backbone of rural America, squeezed out by the iron grip of corporate giants.
Today, as we sip our artisanal coffees and document our culinary adventures on social media, it's easy to overlook the toil and strife that built the America we cherish. Yet, the echoes of history resound through time, reminding us that progress exacts a toll, and sometimes, that toll is too steep to bear.
Michigan, the unheralded protagonist of westward expansion, is a state forged in the crucible of ambition and tempered by the harsh realities of the American dream. As we gaze upon the sprawling expanse of Detroit, let's remember the sacrifices made and the lives lost in pursuing progress. Ultimately, it's not merely about laying tracks or striking it rich—it's about reckoning with our past and crafting a future that honors the intricate tapestry of our shared humanity.
THE RUNDOWN
- Between 1860 and 1910, the rapid westward expansion of the United States, driven by factors like Native American displacement, agricultural growth, and transportation development, significantly impacted Michigan's economy.
- Michigan's economic landscape was shaped by the expansion, with the growth of agriculture and the establishment of a robust railroad network connecting the state to emerging markets.
- Mechanization revolutionized farming practices in Michigan, increasing productivity but also leading to the consolidation of farmland and the decline of small family farms.
- The westward expansion brought both positive and negative consequences to Michigan, stimulating economic development while also marginalizing communities, particularly Native Americans and small farmers.
- Historical examples like the construction of the Detroit and Milwaukee Railroad illustrate the impact of westward expansion on Michigan's economy and society, despite facing challenges such as financing issues and conflicts with Native American tribes.
- Understanding the implications of westward expansion on Michigan is crucial today as it offers insights into economic development, transportation projects, and social justice issues, guiding efforts towards a more equitable and sustainable future.
QUESTIONS
- The era of westward expansion in American history is often romanticized, but what were some of the darker realities behind this period?
- How did the advent of the railroad, such as the Detroit and Milwaukee Railroad, impact the economic and social landscape of Michigan during the westward expansion?
- Discuss the role of small farmers in rural America during the era of westward expansion. How were they affected by corporate monopolies and the expansion of transportation networks like railroads?
KLS&C locomotive #37 near the Michigan Basket Warehouse in Paw Paw c.1906. Charles Grice is standing between the coal tender and the locomotive, others are unidentified. It’s plausible that Samuel J. Dunkley is the man standing on the front of the locomotive to the far right.
Prepare to be transported into the captivating realm of historical films and videos. Brace yourselves for a mind-bending odyssey through time as we embark on a cinematic expedition. Within these flickering frames, the past morphs into a vivid tapestry of triumphs, tragedies, and transformative moments that have shaped the very fabric of our existence. We shall immerse ourselves in a whirlwind of visual narratives, dissecting the nuances of artistic interpretations, examining the storytelling techniques, and voraciously devouring historical accuracy with the ferocity of a time-traveling historian. So strap in, hold tight, and prepare to have your perception of history forever shattered by the mesmerizing lens of the camera.
THE RUNDOWN
In the heart of the Midwest lies Detroit, a city as brutal as its winters and as fiery as its summers. It's a place where the echoes of Motown blend with the clanging of industry, where every street corner tells a tale of triumph and tragedy. Detroit wasn't born with a silver spoon; it clawed its way up, baptized in sweat and blood. From its roots with Antoine de la Mothe Cadillac to the present, it's a hub of American ingenuity. Cars aren't just machines here; they're an obsession. And amidst the cultural whirlwind and sports fervor, Detroit's resilience shines through its challenges, standing tall as a survivor, a scrapper, an underdog with an unbeatable spirit. Here's to Detroit—the city that never quits, never sleeps and never fails to inspire.
In the heart of the Midwest lies Detroit, a city as brutal as its winters and as fiery as its summers. It's a place where the echoes of Motown blend with the clanging of industry, where every street corner tells a tale of triumph and tragedy. Detroit wasn't born with a silver spoon; it clawed its way up, baptized in sweat and blood. From its roots with Antoine de la Mothe Cadillac to the present, it's a hub of American ingenuity. Cars aren't just machines here; they're an obsession. And amidst the cultural whirlwind and sports fervor, Detroit's resilience shines through its challenges, standing tall as a survivor, a scrapper, an underdog with an unbeatable spirit. Here's to Detroit—the city that never quits, never sleeps and never fails to inspire.
Welcome to the mind-bending Key Terms extravaganza of our history class learning module. Brace yourselves; we will unravel the cryptic codes, secret handshakes, and linguistic labyrinths that make up the twisted tapestry of historical knowledge. These key terms are the Rosetta Stones of our academic journey, the skeleton keys to unlocking the enigmatic doors of comprehension. They're like historical Swiss Army knives, equipped with blades of definition and corkscrews of contextual examples, ready to pierce through the fog of confusion and liberate your intellectual curiosity. By harnessing the power of these mighty key terms, you'll possess the superhuman ability to traverse the treacherous terrains of primary sources, surf the tumultuous waves of academic texts, and engage in epic battles of historical debate. The past awaits, and the key terms are keys to unlocking its dazzling secrets.
KEY TERMS
KEY TERMS
- 1825 - The Erie Canal and Michigan
- 1837 - First Railway in Michigan
- 1845 - Toll Roads in Michigan
- 1846 - Expansion of the Michigan Central Railroad
- 1855 - The Soo Locks
- 1863 - Detroit Street Railway
- 1886 - Electric Streetcars in Detroit
- 1866 - The Great Lakes Shipping Industry
- 1905 - Michigan Department of Transportation
- 1908 - The Ford Model T in Michigan
- 1910 - Rise of the Automobile Industry in Detroit
- 1921 - Detroit Rapid Transit System
- 1929 - The Ambassador Bridge
- 1930 - Detroit Metropolitan Wayne County Airport
- 1930 - Detroit-Windsor Tunnel
- 1933 - Detroit-Windsor Truck Ferry Terminal
- 1945 - Detroit as a Major Railroad Hub
- 1956 - Interstate Highway System in Michigan
- 1957 - The Mackinac Bridge
- 1985 - The People Movers
DISCLAIMER: Welcome scholars to the wild and wacky world of history class. This isn't your granddaddy's boring ol' lecture, baby. We will take a trip through time, which will be one wild ride. I know some of you are in a brick-and-mortar setting, while others are in the vast digital wasteland. But fear not; we're all in this together. Online students might miss out on some in-person interaction, but you can still join in on the fun. This little shindig aims to get you all engaged with the course material and understand how past societies have shaped the world we know today. We'll talk about revolutions, wars, and other crazy stuff. So get ready, kids, because it's going to be one heck of a trip. And for all, you online students out there, don't be shy. Please share your thoughts and ideas with the rest of us. The Professor will do his best to give everyone an equal opportunity to learn, so don't hold back. So, let's do this thing!
Activity #1: UNDER CONSTRUCTION
Activity #2: UNDER CONSTRUCTION
Activity #1: UNDER CONSTRUCTION
Activity #2: UNDER CONSTRUCTION
Ladies and gentlemen, gather 'round for the pièce de résistance of this classroom module - the summary section. As we embark on this tantalizing journey, we'll savor the exquisite flavors of knowledge, highlighting the fundamental ingredients and spices that have seasoned our minds throughout these captivating lessons. Prepare to indulge in a savory recap that will leave your intellectual taste buds tingling, serving as a passport to further enlightenment.
Once upon a time, in the tangled, pothole-ridden lanes of Michigan, a state that couldn't decide whether it wanted to be a postcard-perfect paradise or a scene straight out of a disaster movie, there was a transportation saga so full of contradictions that it could make even the most seasoned historian do a double take. This is a story where ancient Native American paths got a makeover into bustling highways, where canals promised prosperity but came with a side of displacement, and where the sound of train engines heralded progress while wreaking havoc on the environment.
Let's begin our journey through Michigan's transit troubles with those Native American trails and waterways, the old routes where trade and cultural exchange flowed like a never-ending buffet. Imagine tribes strolling through lush landscapes, bonding over the serene sounds of nature. But then, in marches, the Europeans, like a bull in a china shop, disrupted everything with their hunger for resources, leading to clashes that turned the land into a canvas painted with tears and blood.
Fast forward to the 1800s, and say hello to the Erie Canal, an engineering marvel promising a jackpot of wealth. Suddenly, Michigan was the belle of the ball, where commerce partied harder than a bunch of college kids on a Friday night. But behind the glitz and glamor was a grim reality—the Trail of Death, a chilling reminder of the cost of progress, with indigenous peoples paying the tab while progress turned a deaf ear.
But hold onto your hats because here come the railroads, those metal snakes slithering across the countryside, bringing promises of industrialization and riches galore. Michigan's forests quaked as the logging industry descended like a plague of locusts, leaving behind a barren wasteland. And let's not forget the smoggy skies and poisoned rivers, the lovely parting gifts from progress as it steamrolled its way forward.
And just when you thought it couldn't get wilder, in zooms the automobile revolution, led by the one and only Henry Ford. Detroit became the throbbing heartbeat of a new era, its streets buzzing with the energy of combustion engines. But behind the shiny exterior of progress lay the grim shadow of urban decay, as highways sliced through communities like a knife through butter, leaving behind a wake of emptiness.
And so, dear reader, we find ourselves at the crossroads of history, faced with Michigan's transportation rollercoaster. Let's learn from the triumphs and pitfalls of the past, lest we end up stuck in the same traffic jam. After all, the road to progress may be paved with good intentions, but watch out for those pesky potholes.
Or, in other words:
Let's begin our journey through Michigan's transit troubles with those Native American trails and waterways, the old routes where trade and cultural exchange flowed like a never-ending buffet. Imagine tribes strolling through lush landscapes, bonding over the serene sounds of nature. But then, in marches, the Europeans, like a bull in a china shop, disrupted everything with their hunger for resources, leading to clashes that turned the land into a canvas painted with tears and blood.
Fast forward to the 1800s, and say hello to the Erie Canal, an engineering marvel promising a jackpot of wealth. Suddenly, Michigan was the belle of the ball, where commerce partied harder than a bunch of college kids on a Friday night. But behind the glitz and glamor was a grim reality—the Trail of Death, a chilling reminder of the cost of progress, with indigenous peoples paying the tab while progress turned a deaf ear.
But hold onto your hats because here come the railroads, those metal snakes slithering across the countryside, bringing promises of industrialization and riches galore. Michigan's forests quaked as the logging industry descended like a plague of locusts, leaving behind a barren wasteland. And let's not forget the smoggy skies and poisoned rivers, the lovely parting gifts from progress as it steamrolled its way forward.
And just when you thought it couldn't get wilder, in zooms the automobile revolution, led by the one and only Henry Ford. Detroit became the throbbing heartbeat of a new era, its streets buzzing with the energy of combustion engines. But behind the shiny exterior of progress lay the grim shadow of urban decay, as highways sliced through communities like a knife through butter, leaving behind a wake of emptiness.
And so, dear reader, we find ourselves at the crossroads of history, faced with Michigan's transportation rollercoaster. Let's learn from the triumphs and pitfalls of the past, lest we end up stuck in the same traffic jam. After all, the road to progress may be paved with good intentions, but watch out for those pesky potholes.
Or, in other words:
- Native American routes were vital for trade and culture but disrupted by European settlers, causing conflicts like the Odawa-French clash (17th century).
- The completion of the Erie Canal in 1825 transformed Michigan's economy, opening trade routes but displacing Native communities, as seen in the Trail of Death (1830s).
- Railroads in the mid-19th century boosted economic growth but led to environmental challenges, such as deforestation and pollution, impacting Michigan's landscapes.
- The automobile revolution, led by Henry Ford, drove economic growth, establishing Michigan as the "Motor Capital," but urbanization brought challenges like traffic and disparities in Detroit.
- Studying Michigan's transportation history is crucial for understanding current challenges, balancing positives for economic development with warnings about environmental and social issues.
- Michigan's transportation history is a mix of progress and challenges, from Native trails to the automotive era, providing insights for shaping a balanced and sustainable transportation system.
ASSIGNMENTS
Remember all assignments, tests and quizzes must be submitted official via BLACKBOARD
Forum Discussion #12
- Forum Discussion #12
Remember all assignments, tests and quizzes must be submitted official via BLACKBOARD
Forum Discussion #12
The It's History YouTube channel provides engaging and informative content, delving into various historical topics and events in an accessible and entertaining manner.Watch the following video:
Please answer the following question:
How did Michigan Central Station shape Detroit's growth, and why did it become abandoned? Now that Ford Motor Company has bought it, what do you think are the chances and challenges of restoring the station to its former importance in the city?
Need help? Remember the Discussion Board Rubric.
THE RUNDOWN
In the aging bones of Michigan Central Station resides a tale as weathered as the station's façade, chronicling Detroit's tumultuous journey with the whimsy of a skipping record. Once a beacon of progress in a city fueled by industry, the station stood tall, boasting 18 railway tracks that stretched like hopeful tendrils toward a brighter future. But as history unfolded, the music abruptly stopped. World War II cast its shadow, and the riots of '67 dealt the final blow, leaving Detroit's golden age a distant memory and the station a silent relic of bygone days.
Yet, when despair seemed all-encompassing, the Ford Motor Company rode in as a modern-day savior, armed with deep pockets and lofty visions. Hope flickers again with plans to rejuvenate the station, breathe new life into its weathered frame, and perhaps even revive its railway connections. Whether Michigan Central Station will rise again as a symbol of progress or fade further into history's tapestry remains to be seen. Still, anything is possible in the Motor City's unpredictable landscape.
How did Michigan Central Station shape Detroit's growth, and why did it become abandoned? Now that Ford Motor Company has bought it, what do you think are the chances and challenges of restoring the station to its former importance in the city?
Need help? Remember the Discussion Board Rubric.
THE RUNDOWN
In the aging bones of Michigan Central Station resides a tale as weathered as the station's façade, chronicling Detroit's tumultuous journey with the whimsy of a skipping record. Once a beacon of progress in a city fueled by industry, the station stood tall, boasting 18 railway tracks that stretched like hopeful tendrils toward a brighter future. But as history unfolded, the music abruptly stopped. World War II cast its shadow, and the riots of '67 dealt the final blow, leaving Detroit's golden age a distant memory and the station a silent relic of bygone days.
Yet, when despair seemed all-encompassing, the Ford Motor Company rode in as a modern-day savior, armed with deep pockets and lofty visions. Hope flickers again with plans to rejuvenate the station, breathe new life into its weathered frame, and perhaps even revive its railway connections. Whether Michigan Central Station will rise again as a symbol of progress or fade further into history's tapestry remains to be seen. Still, anything is possible in the Motor City's unpredictable landscape.
Hey, welcome to the work cited section! Here's where you'll find all the heavy hitters that inspired the content you've just consumed. Some might think citations are as dull as unbuttered toast, but nothing gets my intellectual juices flowing like a good reference list. Don't get me wrong, just because we've cited a source; doesn't mean we're always going to see eye-to-eye. But that's the beauty of it - it's up to you to chew on the material and come to conclusions. Listen, we've gone to great lengths to ensure these citations are accurate, but let's face it, we're all human. So, give us a holler if you notice any mistakes or suggest more sources. We're always looking to up our game. Ultimately, it's all about pursuing knowledge and truth.
Work Cited:
Work Cited:
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