HST 150 Module #8
War and Pieces
Throughout history, warfare has been an omnipresent force that has transformed and progressed. These eras hold utmost importance in comprehending the evolution of warfare in world history and analyzing its positive and negative facets. To grasp the essence of warfare today, it is imperative to delve into the intricacies of ancient and medieval warfare. One positive aspect of the old war was the emergence of advanced military strategies and tactics refined over centuries. Ancient civilizations like Rome and Greece emphasized military training and discipline, and their armies were well-versed in warfare. Similarly, medieval warfare witnessed significant innovations in weaponry and warfare tactics, such as using the longbow and forming heavy cavalry units.
However, the negatives of ancient and medieval warfare cannot be ignored. War was often a means of acquiring territory and resources, resulting in the displacement and enslavement of countless people. The brutality of war was further intensified by the lack of advanced medical facilities, leading to high mortality rates and the spread of diseases. The psychological impact of warfare was also significant, leaving a lasting trauma on the soldiers and civilians alike. The consequences of ancient and medieval warfare are still being felt in modern times. The legacy of colonization and imperialism, fueled by the greed for resources and power, has left many nations in political instability and economic underdevelopment. Moreover, the effects of war on mental health continue to be a pressing issue, with PTSD affecting millions of soldiers worldwide.
From roughly 3000 BCE to 500 CE - battles were fought with the most basic weapons and tactics. But amidst the chaos of war, humanity's ingenuity shone through, with the invention of the wheel leading to the creation of fearsome chariots that took to the battlefield. And while the fighting was brutal, there was a certain nobility to it all, with warriors valiantly laying down their lives for their cause. Oh, and did I mention that sometimes elephants were used in battle? Yeah, that happened. The Battle of Thermopylae is the stuff of legends. Picture this: King Leonidas and his band of Greek warriors, massively outnumbered by the Persian army led by the mighty King Xerxes. But these warriors were not afraid to stand their ground and put up fierce resistance, resulting in an epic battle that has been celebrated for centuries. The bravery and heroism of these ancient warriors embody the very essence of honor and courage. It's a prime example of the innovation and resilience that ancient warfare demanded of its fighters. And let's not forget the other famous battles that have graced our history books, like the Battle of Marathon, the Battle of Agincourt, and the Battle of Waterloo, each one a testament to the tenacity of the human spirit in times of great adversity.
However, the negative aspects of medieval warfare cannot be ignored. Siege weapons often led to the devastating destruction of cities and the civilian population. Prisoners of war were frequently tortured or executed, and diseases like the bubonic plague were spread easily among armies and civilians alike. The Hundred Years' War, which lasted from 1337 to 1453, is a prime example of the brutality of medieval warfare, with countless battles resulting in thousands of deaths and widespread devastation. Moving into the modern era, the American Civil War (1861-1865) saw the advent of new technologies, such as the telegraph and railroads, which allowed for quicker communication and transportation of troops. The war also marked the first large-scale use of rifled muskets, significantly increasing the accuracy and range of infantry weapons. However, using these new technologies also led to unprecedented casualties, with an estimated 620,000 soldiers losing their lives in the conflict. The brutality of the war was also seen in the treatment of prisoners of war, with conditions in camps like Andersonville resulting in thousands of deaths from disease and starvation.
The Battle of Hastings, my dear reader, was a fierce showdown of medieval might. In one corner, we had the Normans, under the command of the infamous William the Conqueror. In the other corner, we had the Anglo-Saxons, led by King Harold Godwinson. But it wasn't just a battle of numbers, oh no. The Normans showed their mettle with cunning tactics and expert cavalry maneuvers. They were indeed a force to be reckoned with. And despite their victory, the Normans were no brutes. They showed remarkable chivalry and mercy by sparing the lives of many surrendered Anglo-Saxon soldiers. A rare show of humanity in a time of war. But let us remember, my friend, that this is but one example of the positives of medieval warfare. Take, for instance, the siege of Constantinople in 1204. The crusaders may have sacked the city, but they also inadvertently helped spread the knowledge of ancient Greek texts throughout Europe. A strange but valuable outcome, indeed.
Medieval warfare was not without its ills. The hurling of siege weapons and blasting of gunpowder wrought destruction upon cities, reducing them to rubble and ash. The deployment of massive cavalry charges also demanded a steep toll, with battles costing untold fortunes and rulers mercilessly bleeding their subjects dry to fund their campaigns. For instance, the Hundred Years' War, that blood-soaked conflict between England and France from 1337 to 1453. In their bid for supremacy, both sides unleashed appalling brutality upon each other, forever staining the pages of history with their unconscionable savagery. It stands as a glaring illustration of the many perils of medieval warfare. Studying olden combat is crucial to understanding the evolution of war in world chronicles. It lets us cherish the strides we've made in battle and how distant we've come. Furthermore, it offers valuable insights into human nature, encompassing our capability for brutality, our notion of courage and gallantry, and our longing for control and conquest. In summary, the study of ancient and medieval warfare provides us with a lens to perceive the past and present and apprehend humanity's nature. One more example is the battle of Waterloo, which altered the course of European history and gave rise to a new era of warfare.
The study of ancient and medieval warfare is vital, for it reveals much about the complexities of human history. While both eras had unique characteristics, they shared a common thread of violence and destruction. The ancient period was marked by impressive military innovation and bravery feats, yet it was also a time of unfathomable brutality and mercilessness. Chivalry and advanced weaponry emerged in medieval times, but so did the horrific exploitation of subjects and the destruction of cities. As we reflect upon these distinct epochs, we recognize that the impacts of war on society and the human experience are profound and far-reaching. We understand the essential need for diplomacy and peace-building efforts as we grapple with our shared history's consequences. For instance, we can look to the ongoing conflict in Syria as an example of the devastating effects of war, both on the physical landscape and on the individuals and communities who suffer the consequences.
Yet, even as we acknowledge the horrors of war, we also recognize the progress made in warfare. We celebrate technological advancements that have enabled us to mitigate some of the harms of conflict, such as developing protective gear and sophisticated medical techniques. Moreover, we honor the courage of those who have stood up against oppression and tyranny, fighting for justice and equality for all. Thus, studying ancient and medieval warfare is not just an academic pursuit but a means of understanding our past, present, and future. It teaches us to appreciate the complexities of the human experience and the ongoing need for peace and diplomacy in our world.
THE RUNDOWN
QUESTIONS
Throughout history, warfare has been an omnipresent force that has transformed and progressed. These eras hold utmost importance in comprehending the evolution of warfare in world history and analyzing its positive and negative facets. To grasp the essence of warfare today, it is imperative to delve into the intricacies of ancient and medieval warfare. One positive aspect of the old war was the emergence of advanced military strategies and tactics refined over centuries. Ancient civilizations like Rome and Greece emphasized military training and discipline, and their armies were well-versed in warfare. Similarly, medieval warfare witnessed significant innovations in weaponry and warfare tactics, such as using the longbow and forming heavy cavalry units.
However, the negatives of ancient and medieval warfare cannot be ignored. War was often a means of acquiring territory and resources, resulting in the displacement and enslavement of countless people. The brutality of war was further intensified by the lack of advanced medical facilities, leading to high mortality rates and the spread of diseases. The psychological impact of warfare was also significant, leaving a lasting trauma on the soldiers and civilians alike. The consequences of ancient and medieval warfare are still being felt in modern times. The legacy of colonization and imperialism, fueled by the greed for resources and power, has left many nations in political instability and economic underdevelopment. Moreover, the effects of war on mental health continue to be a pressing issue, with PTSD affecting millions of soldiers worldwide.
From roughly 3000 BCE to 500 CE - battles were fought with the most basic weapons and tactics. But amidst the chaos of war, humanity's ingenuity shone through, with the invention of the wheel leading to the creation of fearsome chariots that took to the battlefield. And while the fighting was brutal, there was a certain nobility to it all, with warriors valiantly laying down their lives for their cause. Oh, and did I mention that sometimes elephants were used in battle? Yeah, that happened. The Battle of Thermopylae is the stuff of legends. Picture this: King Leonidas and his band of Greek warriors, massively outnumbered by the Persian army led by the mighty King Xerxes. But these warriors were not afraid to stand their ground and put up fierce resistance, resulting in an epic battle that has been celebrated for centuries. The bravery and heroism of these ancient warriors embody the very essence of honor and courage. It's a prime example of the innovation and resilience that ancient warfare demanded of its fighters. And let's not forget the other famous battles that have graced our history books, like the Battle of Marathon, the Battle of Agincourt, and the Battle of Waterloo, each one a testament to the tenacity of the human spirit in times of great adversity.
However, the negative aspects of medieval warfare cannot be ignored. Siege weapons often led to the devastating destruction of cities and the civilian population. Prisoners of war were frequently tortured or executed, and diseases like the bubonic plague were spread easily among armies and civilians alike. The Hundred Years' War, which lasted from 1337 to 1453, is a prime example of the brutality of medieval warfare, with countless battles resulting in thousands of deaths and widespread devastation. Moving into the modern era, the American Civil War (1861-1865) saw the advent of new technologies, such as the telegraph and railroads, which allowed for quicker communication and transportation of troops. The war also marked the first large-scale use of rifled muskets, significantly increasing the accuracy and range of infantry weapons. However, using these new technologies also led to unprecedented casualties, with an estimated 620,000 soldiers losing their lives in the conflict. The brutality of the war was also seen in the treatment of prisoners of war, with conditions in camps like Andersonville resulting in thousands of deaths from disease and starvation.
The Battle of Hastings, my dear reader, was a fierce showdown of medieval might. In one corner, we had the Normans, under the command of the infamous William the Conqueror. In the other corner, we had the Anglo-Saxons, led by King Harold Godwinson. But it wasn't just a battle of numbers, oh no. The Normans showed their mettle with cunning tactics and expert cavalry maneuvers. They were indeed a force to be reckoned with. And despite their victory, the Normans were no brutes. They showed remarkable chivalry and mercy by sparing the lives of many surrendered Anglo-Saxon soldiers. A rare show of humanity in a time of war. But let us remember, my friend, that this is but one example of the positives of medieval warfare. Take, for instance, the siege of Constantinople in 1204. The crusaders may have sacked the city, but they also inadvertently helped spread the knowledge of ancient Greek texts throughout Europe. A strange but valuable outcome, indeed.
Medieval warfare was not without its ills. The hurling of siege weapons and blasting of gunpowder wrought destruction upon cities, reducing them to rubble and ash. The deployment of massive cavalry charges also demanded a steep toll, with battles costing untold fortunes and rulers mercilessly bleeding their subjects dry to fund their campaigns. For instance, the Hundred Years' War, that blood-soaked conflict between England and France from 1337 to 1453. In their bid for supremacy, both sides unleashed appalling brutality upon each other, forever staining the pages of history with their unconscionable savagery. It stands as a glaring illustration of the many perils of medieval warfare. Studying olden combat is crucial to understanding the evolution of war in world chronicles. It lets us cherish the strides we've made in battle and how distant we've come. Furthermore, it offers valuable insights into human nature, encompassing our capability for brutality, our notion of courage and gallantry, and our longing for control and conquest. In summary, the study of ancient and medieval warfare provides us with a lens to perceive the past and present and apprehend humanity's nature. One more example is the battle of Waterloo, which altered the course of European history and gave rise to a new era of warfare.
The study of ancient and medieval warfare is vital, for it reveals much about the complexities of human history. While both eras had unique characteristics, they shared a common thread of violence and destruction. The ancient period was marked by impressive military innovation and bravery feats, yet it was also a time of unfathomable brutality and mercilessness. Chivalry and advanced weaponry emerged in medieval times, but so did the horrific exploitation of subjects and the destruction of cities. As we reflect upon these distinct epochs, we recognize that the impacts of war on society and the human experience are profound and far-reaching. We understand the essential need for diplomacy and peace-building efforts as we grapple with our shared history's consequences. For instance, we can look to the ongoing conflict in Syria as an example of the devastating effects of war, both on the physical landscape and on the individuals and communities who suffer the consequences.
Yet, even as we acknowledge the horrors of war, we also recognize the progress made in warfare. We celebrate technological advancements that have enabled us to mitigate some of the harms of conflict, such as developing protective gear and sophisticated medical techniques. Moreover, we honor the courage of those who have stood up against oppression and tyranny, fighting for justice and equality for all. Thus, studying ancient and medieval warfare is not just an academic pursuit but a means of understanding our past, present, and future. It teaches us to appreciate the complexities of the human experience and the ongoing need for peace and diplomacy in our world.
THE RUNDOWN
- Warfare has been present throughout history and has evolved.
- Ancient civilizations such as Rome and Greece emphasized military training and discipline, resulting in advanced military strategies and tactics.
- Medieval warfare saw significant innovations in weaponry and warfare tactics, such as the longbow and heavy cavalry units.
- The negatives of ancient and medieval warfare include displacement and enslavement of people, high mortality rates due to the lack of medical facilities, and lasting psychological trauma on soldiers and civilians.
- The legacy of colonization and imperialism, fueled by the greed for resources and power, has left many nations in political instability and economic underdevelopment.
- American Civil War marked the first large-scale use of rifled muskets and new technologies like telegraphs and railroads, leading to unprecedented casualties.
- The Battle of Hastings and the siege of Constantinople are examples of the positives of medieval warfare. At the same time, the Hundred Years' War is an example of the brutality of medieval warfare.
- Medieval warfare had negative aspects, including the destruction of cities, mass casualties, and the severe bleeding of subjects to fund campaigns.
- Studying the evolution of warfare in world history offers valuable insights into human nature, encompassing our capability for brutality, our notion of courage and gallantry, and our longing for control and conquest.
QUESTIONS
- What are some positive aspects of ancient and medieval warfare, and how have they influenced action today?
- How did technology and innovation play a role in the evolution of warfare during these eras, and what impact did they have on the outcomes of battles?
- How has studying ancient and medieval warfare helped us better understand human nature and the complexities of conflict?
#8 Focus on the Vices
This is true for several reasons. First and most is pragmatic: it’s the sheer entertainment value. Breaking down the history of sex, drugs, and violence captivates audiences (as mentioned in earlier podcasts). Our lizard brain deep down in the recesses of our minds are completely captivated by carnal pleasures. Secondly, vices are an innate connection to us all. While you may not have not engaged in nefarious activities, you at one point have ingested a stimulant, been in a fight, or been sexually aroused. Vices are to a certain extent, egalitarian in that respect. And lastly, we need to study the ways vices are suppressed throughout history. Not “what” people were doing, but “why” someone would want to stop them from doing it.
In the annals of human history, few topics have stirred as much intrigue, inquiry, and contention as vices. These are the pernicious habits or actions that society deems unethical or taboo. Exploring vices is an important endeavor, unlocking a deeper understanding of human conduct, societal beliefs, and cultural norms. In this discourse, our attention will be riveted on studying history-related vices. We shall scrutinize the merits and demerits of this pursuit, citing specific instances and dates. Furthermore, we shall expound on the ongoing pertinence of this field of study.
When we take a gander at the vices of yore, we can learn a thing or two about the norms and practices of those ancient times. We can peek into the Greeks' perspectives on society, faith, and culture by scrutinizing vino consumption. For instance, the ancient Greeks saw wine as a vice, but only when it caused raucousness and disorder. However, they also viewed wine as a symbol of sophistication and culture, and it played a crucial part in their religious and societal rituals. Similarly, gambling was all the rage in medieval Europe among the highfalutin and the wealthy. The church and the ruling elite frowned upon this vice, but it also served as a way to socialize and form connections. By studying gambling in medieval Europe, we can gain insight into the values and social dynamics of that time, as well as the role of vices in the lives of the powerful.
But here's the thing, folks. Vices, as they say, can be a double-edged sword. Sure, it may seem fascinating to delve into the dark underbelly of humanity and explore the various addictions and indulgences that define us. But there's a danger lurking beneath the surface, my friends. Take opium smoking in China, for instance. It was all the rage in the 19th and early 20th centuries. But with popularity comes scrutiny, and soon enough, this vice became associated with moral decay and social disorder. And let's not forget how it was used as a symbol of China's supposed weakness and inferiority in the eyes of the Western world.
We can study these vices and try to understand them better. But let's not forget that we risk perpetuating negative stereotypes and stigmatizing entire cultures and societies. It's a fine line we tread, my friends, a fantastic line indeed. Studying the vices of prostitution, homosexuality, and drug use in Western societies can perpetuate harmful stereotypes and ostracize already marginalized communities. It's crucial to approach these subjects tactfully and understand, eschewing any reinforcement of discriminatory beliefs or attitudes. Studying sins can give us a peek into the deepest, darkest corners of human behavior. It's like looking into the abyss and seeing what kind of freaky shit we're capable of.
But it's not just about getting our jollies from studying the seedy underbelly of society. No, sir, this is about understanding cultural norms and societal values. We can learn how our ancestors dealt with moral and ethical dilemmas and how they built their cultural identities. And that's important, man. Cause if we don't learn from the past, we're doomed to repeat it. And let's remember ourselves, my friends. By studying vices, we can take a long hard look in the mirror and reflect on our values and behaviors. It's like shining a blacklight on our souls, man. We can see all the stains and blemishes we've tried to hide. But that's okay cause we can use that knowledge to understand better the crazy social and cultural dynamics of our own time. So don't be afraid to embrace the dark side, folks. It's all part of the ride. Just make sure you buckle up because it will be wild.
Listen, lads, the past is full of vice and sin, but it isn't all bad. If you study it right, you can learn a thing or two about human nature, culture, and society. Mind you; there be pitfalls on this path - we want to avoid the fires of bigotry and hate. We should approach this study carefully and understand, lest we fall into the same traps as our ancestors. But, mark my words, by studying vice and sin in the annals of history, we can better grasp our values and behaviors and the intricate workings of our world.
THE RUNDOWN
This is true for several reasons. First and most is pragmatic: it’s the sheer entertainment value. Breaking down the history of sex, drugs, and violence captivates audiences (as mentioned in earlier podcasts). Our lizard brain deep down in the recesses of our minds are completely captivated by carnal pleasures. Secondly, vices are an innate connection to us all. While you may not have not engaged in nefarious activities, you at one point have ingested a stimulant, been in a fight, or been sexually aroused. Vices are to a certain extent, egalitarian in that respect. And lastly, we need to study the ways vices are suppressed throughout history. Not “what” people were doing, but “why” someone would want to stop them from doing it.
In the annals of human history, few topics have stirred as much intrigue, inquiry, and contention as vices. These are the pernicious habits or actions that society deems unethical or taboo. Exploring vices is an important endeavor, unlocking a deeper understanding of human conduct, societal beliefs, and cultural norms. In this discourse, our attention will be riveted on studying history-related vices. We shall scrutinize the merits and demerits of this pursuit, citing specific instances and dates. Furthermore, we shall expound on the ongoing pertinence of this field of study.
When we take a gander at the vices of yore, we can learn a thing or two about the norms and practices of those ancient times. We can peek into the Greeks' perspectives on society, faith, and culture by scrutinizing vino consumption. For instance, the ancient Greeks saw wine as a vice, but only when it caused raucousness and disorder. However, they also viewed wine as a symbol of sophistication and culture, and it played a crucial part in their religious and societal rituals. Similarly, gambling was all the rage in medieval Europe among the highfalutin and the wealthy. The church and the ruling elite frowned upon this vice, but it also served as a way to socialize and form connections. By studying gambling in medieval Europe, we can gain insight into the values and social dynamics of that time, as well as the role of vices in the lives of the powerful.
But here's the thing, folks. Vices, as they say, can be a double-edged sword. Sure, it may seem fascinating to delve into the dark underbelly of humanity and explore the various addictions and indulgences that define us. But there's a danger lurking beneath the surface, my friends. Take opium smoking in China, for instance. It was all the rage in the 19th and early 20th centuries. But with popularity comes scrutiny, and soon enough, this vice became associated with moral decay and social disorder. And let's not forget how it was used as a symbol of China's supposed weakness and inferiority in the eyes of the Western world.
We can study these vices and try to understand them better. But let's not forget that we risk perpetuating negative stereotypes and stigmatizing entire cultures and societies. It's a fine line we tread, my friends, a fantastic line indeed. Studying the vices of prostitution, homosexuality, and drug use in Western societies can perpetuate harmful stereotypes and ostracize already marginalized communities. It's crucial to approach these subjects tactfully and understand, eschewing any reinforcement of discriminatory beliefs or attitudes. Studying sins can give us a peek into the deepest, darkest corners of human behavior. It's like looking into the abyss and seeing what kind of freaky shit we're capable of.
But it's not just about getting our jollies from studying the seedy underbelly of society. No, sir, this is about understanding cultural norms and societal values. We can learn how our ancestors dealt with moral and ethical dilemmas and how they built their cultural identities. And that's important, man. Cause if we don't learn from the past, we're doomed to repeat it. And let's remember ourselves, my friends. By studying vices, we can take a long hard look in the mirror and reflect on our values and behaviors. It's like shining a blacklight on our souls, man. We can see all the stains and blemishes we've tried to hide. But that's okay cause we can use that knowledge to understand better the crazy social and cultural dynamics of our own time. So don't be afraid to embrace the dark side, folks. It's all part of the ride. Just make sure you buckle up because it will be wild.
Listen, lads, the past is full of vice and sin, but it isn't all bad. If you study it right, you can learn a thing or two about human nature, culture, and society. Mind you; there be pitfalls on this path - we want to avoid the fires of bigotry and hate. We should approach this study carefully and understand, lest we fall into the same traps as our ancestors. But, mark my words, by studying vice and sin in the annals of history, we can better grasp our values and behaviors and the intricate workings of our world.
THE RUNDOWN
- To understand why people behave the way they do and the beliefs and customs of a society, it's essential to learn about vices.
- Vices give us a glimpse into how people lived in different times and places and what was important to them.
- However, we must be careful when studying vices because it can lead to stereotypes and unfair treatment of certain groups.
- We should approach the topic sensitively and avoid reinforcing prejudices or negative attitudes.
- By studying vices, we can learn from our mistakes and consider what values are important to us.
- By looking at how people in the past thought about sins, we can gain a better understanding of how the world works.
STATE OF THE WORLD
HIGHLIGHTS
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We've got some fine classroom lectures coming your way, all courtesy of the RPTM podcast. These lectures will take you on a wild ride through history, exploring everything from ancient civilizations and epic battles to scientific breakthroughs and artistic revolutions. The podcast will guide you through each lecture with its no-nonsense, straight-talking style, using various sources to give you the lowdown on each topic. You won't find any fancy-pants jargon or convoluted theories here, just plain and straightforward explanations anyone can understand. So sit back and prepare to soak up some knowledge.
LECTURES
LECTURES
- COMING SOON
READING
This class utilizes the following textbook:
Bentley, Jerry. Traditions & Encounter Volume 1 from Beginning to 1500, 7th ed.: McGraw Hill, 2021 .
Jerry H. Bentley was a historian and academic who specialized in world history, with a focus on cultural and economic exchange, comparative history, and the study of empires. He was a professor at the University of Hawaii and served as the President of the American Historical Association. Bentley wrote several books on world history and globalization, including "Old World Encounters" and he made significant contributions to the field. He passed away in 2014.
- Bentley, Chapter 15: India and the Indian Ocean Basin
- Bentley, Chapter 16: Eastern and Western in Europe in the Early Medieval Period
This class utilizes the following textbook:
Bentley, Jerry. Traditions & Encounter Volume 1 from Beginning to 1500, 7th ed.: McGraw Hill, 2021 .
Jerry H. Bentley was a historian and academic who specialized in world history, with a focus on cultural and economic exchange, comparative history, and the study of empires. He was a professor at the University of Hawaii and served as the President of the American Historical Association. Bentley wrote several books on world history and globalization, including "Old World Encounters" and he made significant contributions to the field. He passed away in 2014.
Howard Zinn was a historian, writer, and political activist known for his critical analysis of American history. He is particularly well-known for his counter-narrative to traditional American history accounts and highlights marginalized groups' experiences and perspectives. Zinn's work is often associated with social history and is known for his Marxist and socialist views. Larry Schweikart is also a historian, but his work and perspective are often considered more conservative. Schweikart's work is often associated with military history, and he is known for his support of free-market economics and limited government. Overall, Zinn and Schweikart have different perspectives on various historical issues and events and may interpret historical events and phenomena differently. Occasionally, we will also look at Thaddeus Russell, a historian, author, and academic. Russell has written extensively on the history of social and cultural change, and his work focuses on how marginalized and oppressed groups have challenged and transformed mainstream culture. Russell is known for his unconventional and controversial ideas, and his work has been praised for its originality and provocative nature.
My classes utilize both Howard Zinn's A People's History of the United States and Larry Schweikart's Patriot's History of the United States, mostly in excerpts posted to the modules. You can access the full text of People's History or Patriot's History by clicking on the links.
My classes utilize both Howard Zinn's A People's History of the United States and Larry Schweikart's Patriot's History of the United States, mostly in excerpts posted to the modules. You can access the full text of People's History or Patriot's History by clicking on the links.
Zinn, A People's History of the United States
"... Instead, in 1996, the United States was spending more money on the military than the rest of the world combined-four times as much as Russia, eight times as much as China, forty times as much as North Korea, eighty times as much as Iraq. It was a bizarre waste of the
nation's wealth.
A radical reduction of the military budget would require a renunciation of war, a refusal to use military solutions for international disputes. It would speak to the fundamental human desire (overwhelmed too often by barrages of superpatriotic slogans) to live at peace with others.
The public appeal for such a dramatic policy change would be based in a simple but powerful moral argument: that given the nature of modern warfare, the victims, by a ratio of 10:1, have been civilians. To put it another way, war in our time is always a war against children. And if the children of other countries are to be granted an equal right to life with our own children, then we must use our extraordinary human ingenuity to find nonmilitary solutions for world problems..."
"... Instead, in 1996, the United States was spending more money on the military than the rest of the world combined-four times as much as Russia, eight times as much as China, forty times as much as North Korea, eighty times as much as Iraq. It was a bizarre waste of the
nation's wealth.
A radical reduction of the military budget would require a renunciation of war, a refusal to use military solutions for international disputes. It would speak to the fundamental human desire (overwhelmed too often by barrages of superpatriotic slogans) to live at peace with others.
The public appeal for such a dramatic policy change would be based in a simple but powerful moral argument: that given the nature of modern warfare, the victims, by a ratio of 10:1, have been civilians. To put it another way, war in our time is always a war against children. And if the children of other countries are to be granted an equal right to life with our own children, then we must use our extraordinary human ingenuity to find nonmilitary solutions for world problems..."
Larry Schweikart, A Patriot's History of the United States
"... Realizing the nation needed a single source of direction for the production effort, in 1943 Roosevelt created the Office of War Management (OWM), headed by former Supreme Court Justice (and FDR crony) James Byrnes. Byrnes soon demonstrated such great access to the president that people referred to him as the president’s assistant. Byrnes got the job done, allowing larger companies to make as much as they could, with profits tied strictly to numbers of units produced. The government had little regard for the cost of specific items—only performance and delivery mattered. The United States was rich enough to survive postwar debt and inflation, but there would be no surviving a victorious Hitler.
War costs demanded the largest loan the American government had ever received from its people, in the form of war bonds. Bond drives resulted in a deluge of money for the war. Yet it paled beside the demands for cash—$8 billion a month!—to combat the Axis. Between 1941 and 1945 the national debt skyrocketed, from $48 billion to $247 billion. As a share of GNP measured in constant dollars, this represented a 120–fold increase over pre-crash 1929 debt levels. This debt growth illustrated one reason isolationists were wary of war in the first place, and it also confirmed their fears about the rise of a permanent engorged bureaucracy..."
"... Realizing the nation needed a single source of direction for the production effort, in 1943 Roosevelt created the Office of War Management (OWM), headed by former Supreme Court Justice (and FDR crony) James Byrnes. Byrnes soon demonstrated such great access to the president that people referred to him as the president’s assistant. Byrnes got the job done, allowing larger companies to make as much as they could, with profits tied strictly to numbers of units produced. The government had little regard for the cost of specific items—only performance and delivery mattered. The United States was rich enough to survive postwar debt and inflation, but there would be no surviving a victorious Hitler.
War costs demanded the largest loan the American government had ever received from its people, in the form of war bonds. Bond drives resulted in a deluge of money for the war. Yet it paled beside the demands for cash—$8 billion a month!—to combat the Axis. Between 1941 and 1945 the national debt skyrocketed, from $48 billion to $247 billion. As a share of GNP measured in constant dollars, this represented a 120–fold increase over pre-crash 1929 debt levels. This debt growth illustrated one reason isolationists were wary of war in the first place, and it also confirmed their fears about the rise of a permanent engorged bureaucracy..."
Thaddeus Russell, A Renegade History of the United States
"... It might have been 'the Greatest Generation,' as the television journalist and author Tom Brokaw calls the cohort of Americans who lived through the era of World War II, but it was far less willing to go along with the war effort than we are led to believe. Moreover, the resistance to the national mobilization in the midst of what many believe to be the most patriotic era in American history helped give flower to stunningly renegade cultures.
Unlike in many other wars, when majorities of able-bodied men readily volunteered to fight for a cause, and despite loud and sustained calls by government officials for American men to enlist in the military, most Americans during World War II were less than eager to make the ultimate sacrifice of citizenship when called upon to do so. Some two-thirds of the American soldiers who fought in the war did not volunteer; they were drafted, which alone indicates that the desire of Americans to fight was limited..."
"... It might have been 'the Greatest Generation,' as the television journalist and author Tom Brokaw calls the cohort of Americans who lived through the era of World War II, but it was far less willing to go along with the war effort than we are led to believe. Moreover, the resistance to the national mobilization in the midst of what many believe to be the most patriotic era in American history helped give flower to stunningly renegade cultures.
Unlike in many other wars, when majorities of able-bodied men readily volunteered to fight for a cause, and despite loud and sustained calls by government officials for American men to enlist in the military, most Americans during World War II were less than eager to make the ultimate sacrifice of citizenship when called upon to do so. Some two-thirds of the American soldiers who fought in the war did not volunteer; they were drafted, which alone indicates that the desire of Americans to fight was limited..."
What Does Professor Lancaster Think?
The intricate dynamics of war and militarism in the United States symbolize the complex and contradictory nature of the nation's history. The United States boasts a storied legacy of confronting despotism and injustice on the global platform, a feat that has garnered widespread admiration. Yet, simultaneously, the country has come under heavy censure for its rash propensity towards aggression and for the exaltation of military prowess at the expense of programs aimed at social welfare.
There's tension in this land of the free. Take, for instance, Uncle Sam's piggy bank for war. As of 2021, the good ol' US of A dumps more cash into its military than the following ten countries combined. That's a lot of greenbacks for tanks, bombs, and soldiers. Now, it's not all sunshine and rainbows. This ginormous spending on defense has had its ups and downs in the nation's past. On the one hand, it keeps the bad guys at bay and helps spread American values across the globe. On the other hand, it eats up resources that could go to schools, healthcare, and other good stuff.
Tell me something about the good ol' US of A's military prowess - it's no joke. When the chips are down, and the country's interests are on the line, these folks know how to get the job done. Take World War II, for example. The might of America's industrial complex was a significant factor in toppling those nasty Nazis and Imperial Japan. And let me tell you, and it wasn't just dumb luck that got us there. Historian James Loewen will say that President Roosevelt's Office of War Management, set up in '43, was a crucial piece of the puzzle. It helped the country's production efforts get coordinated like a well-oiled machine. Big companies cranked out as much as possible, and their profits were directly tied to the number of units produced. That's how you win a war, my friends - with some good old-fashioned American ingenuity and elbow grease.
You can't ignore the negative implications of America's military budget, man. Howard Zinn, a real deep thinker, pointed out how the country's obsession with war can come at the expense of social welfare programs. And let me tell you, during the 90s, things were getting pretty wild - America was throwing more cash at its military than the rest of the world put together. Zinn believed that to reduce that budget, we must start by renouncing war and committing to finding non-military solutions for global conflicts. But the thing is, America's military might ain't always been used for good. Take the Vietnam War, for instance. That was one messed up conflict, brother. The US got all up in a civil war in Southeast Asia, a total disaster. It cost the country a ton of cash and lives and is still a significant point of contention today.
During the Vietnam War, folks argued about Uncle Sam's meddling in foreign affairs. Historian David Farber knows the score, and he'll tell you straight: most Americans during World War II were drafted into the military; they didn't exactly sign up with a gleam in their eye. That right there shows that the fighting spirit wasn't exactly burning bright, even during a time when patriotism was running high. But things hit the fan during the Vietnam War. Protesters took to the streets in droves, shouting and waving signs that read "No More War!" and "Bring Our Boys Home!" They knew that America had no business getting involved in the affairs of another country. And so, the resistance grew, with Americans from all walks of life standing up against the aggressive tendencies of their government. It was a battle of wills, a clash of ideologies, and in the end, the people's voice was heard.
Hark, all who seek to fathom the boundless depths of America's dalliance with war and militarism! Aye, forsooth, there be reasons to delve into this complicated topic. Foremost among them lies the quest to grasp the intricate threads that weave the fabric of American foreign policy. Nay, 'tis no simple matter, for it encompasses many complex factors that demand scrutiny and dissection. Moreover, it behooves us to ponder the costs and benefits of military intervention for the United States and the unfortunate countries it chooses to embroil in its machinations. Forsooth, the repercussions of such interventions are far-reaching and often unpredictable, and their ramifications endure long after the smoke of battle has cleared. And yet, even as we contemplate these weighty matters, let us not forget to pay homage to those courageous souls who have laid down their lives in service of their country. Let us remember their sacrifices and honor their bravery. But let us also be mindful of the perils of glorifying war and militarism, lest we be entangled in their deadly snares.
THE RUNDOWN
QUESTIONS
The intricate dynamics of war and militarism in the United States symbolize the complex and contradictory nature of the nation's history. The United States boasts a storied legacy of confronting despotism and injustice on the global platform, a feat that has garnered widespread admiration. Yet, simultaneously, the country has come under heavy censure for its rash propensity towards aggression and for the exaltation of military prowess at the expense of programs aimed at social welfare.
There's tension in this land of the free. Take, for instance, Uncle Sam's piggy bank for war. As of 2021, the good ol' US of A dumps more cash into its military than the following ten countries combined. That's a lot of greenbacks for tanks, bombs, and soldiers. Now, it's not all sunshine and rainbows. This ginormous spending on defense has had its ups and downs in the nation's past. On the one hand, it keeps the bad guys at bay and helps spread American values across the globe. On the other hand, it eats up resources that could go to schools, healthcare, and other good stuff.
Tell me something about the good ol' US of A's military prowess - it's no joke. When the chips are down, and the country's interests are on the line, these folks know how to get the job done. Take World War II, for example. The might of America's industrial complex was a significant factor in toppling those nasty Nazis and Imperial Japan. And let me tell you, and it wasn't just dumb luck that got us there. Historian James Loewen will say that President Roosevelt's Office of War Management, set up in '43, was a crucial piece of the puzzle. It helped the country's production efforts get coordinated like a well-oiled machine. Big companies cranked out as much as possible, and their profits were directly tied to the number of units produced. That's how you win a war, my friends - with some good old-fashioned American ingenuity and elbow grease.
You can't ignore the negative implications of America's military budget, man. Howard Zinn, a real deep thinker, pointed out how the country's obsession with war can come at the expense of social welfare programs. And let me tell you, during the 90s, things were getting pretty wild - America was throwing more cash at its military than the rest of the world put together. Zinn believed that to reduce that budget, we must start by renouncing war and committing to finding non-military solutions for global conflicts. But the thing is, America's military might ain't always been used for good. Take the Vietnam War, for instance. That was one messed up conflict, brother. The US got all up in a civil war in Southeast Asia, a total disaster. It cost the country a ton of cash and lives and is still a significant point of contention today.
During the Vietnam War, folks argued about Uncle Sam's meddling in foreign affairs. Historian David Farber knows the score, and he'll tell you straight: most Americans during World War II were drafted into the military; they didn't exactly sign up with a gleam in their eye. That right there shows that the fighting spirit wasn't exactly burning bright, even during a time when patriotism was running high. But things hit the fan during the Vietnam War. Protesters took to the streets in droves, shouting and waving signs that read "No More War!" and "Bring Our Boys Home!" They knew that America had no business getting involved in the affairs of another country. And so, the resistance grew, with Americans from all walks of life standing up against the aggressive tendencies of their government. It was a battle of wills, a clash of ideologies, and in the end, the people's voice was heard.
Hark, all who seek to fathom the boundless depths of America's dalliance with war and militarism! Aye, forsooth, there be reasons to delve into this complicated topic. Foremost among them lies the quest to grasp the intricate threads that weave the fabric of American foreign policy. Nay, 'tis no simple matter, for it encompasses many complex factors that demand scrutiny and dissection. Moreover, it behooves us to ponder the costs and benefits of military intervention for the United States and the unfortunate countries it chooses to embroil in its machinations. Forsooth, the repercussions of such interventions are far-reaching and often unpredictable, and their ramifications endure long after the smoke of battle has cleared. And yet, even as we contemplate these weighty matters, let us not forget to pay homage to those courageous souls who have laid down their lives in service of their country. Let us remember their sacrifices and honor their bravery. But let us also be mindful of the perils of glorifying war and militarism, lest we be entangled in their deadly snares.
THE RUNDOWN
- The US has a complex and contradictory history regarding war and militarism.
- The country is known for confronting injustice on a global level but has been criticized for its aggressive tendencies and excessive military spending.
- The US has a strong military prowess that has been demonstrated in past conflicts, such as World War II.
- However, the country's obsession with war has come at the expense of social welfare programs, as pointed out by Howard Zinn.
- The Vietnam War was a divisive conflict, with many Americans protesting against their government's aggressive actions.
- The intricacies of American foreign policy and military intervention demand scrutiny to understand their costs and benefits, as their repercussions can be far-reaching and unpredictable.
- While honoring the sacrifices of those who serve, it's crucial to avoid glorifying war and militarism to prevent getting entangled in their deadly snares.
QUESTIONS
- How has the United States' military budget impacted social welfare programs and resources in the country?
- What are some of the positive and negative implications of America's military might?
- In what ways can America balance its desire to confront despotism and injustice with its responsibility to prioritize the well-being of its citizens and resources?
The Battle of Aljubarrota (Castile vs Portugal, 1385)
THE RUNDOWN
In the olden days, war was waged with great machines of destruction like flamethrowers and siege engines. Greeks made impressive weapons, later adopted by the Romans, who ruled with an iron fist. The Roman army was an efficient killing machine, using complex weapons like the ballista and portable Scorpion. At the siege of Masada, they built a wall and used archers to take down their Jewish foes. The Roman war machines could throw missiles long distances, causing significant damage to cities and soldiers. Ropes made of animal sinew were used to power these machines, making them deadly. Even skeletons in England bore wounds from Roman weapons. There's a possibility that Archimedes, an ancient Greek, invented a steam cannon that could throw huge weights. The Romans abandoned their attack on Syracuse because of his war machines. The Jewish rebels didn't have such devices at Masada and died with dignity rather than face defeat. Archimedes' inventions had a profound impact on warfare, changing it forever.
KEY TERMS
In the olden days, war was waged with great machines of destruction like flamethrowers and siege engines. Greeks made impressive weapons, later adopted by the Romans, who ruled with an iron fist. The Roman army was an efficient killing machine, using complex weapons like the ballista and portable Scorpion. At the siege of Masada, they built a wall and used archers to take down their Jewish foes. The Roman war machines could throw missiles long distances, causing significant damage to cities and soldiers. Ropes made of animal sinew were used to power these machines, making them deadly. Even skeletons in England bore wounds from Roman weapons. There's a possibility that Archimedes, an ancient Greek, invented a steam cannon that could throw huge weights. The Romans abandoned their attack on Syracuse because of his war machines. The Jewish rebels didn't have such devices at Masada and died with dignity rather than face defeat. Archimedes' inventions had a profound impact on warfare, changing it forever.
KEY TERMS
- Neolithic Warfare
- Battle of Marathon (490 BCE)
- Battle of Thermopylae (480 BCE)
- Siege of Tyre (332 BCE)
- Battle of Gaugamela (331 BCE)
- Second Punic War (218-201 BCE)
- Battle of Cannae (216 BCE)
- Battle of Zama (202 BCE)
- Battle of Alesia (52 BCE)
- Battle of Adrianople (378 CE)
- The Battle of Tours (732)
- The Reconquista (711-1492)
- The Battle of Hastings (1066)
- The First Crusade (1096-1099)
- The Battle of Nicopolis (1396)
- The Hundred Years' War (1337-1453)
- The Battle of Crecy (1346)
- The Battle of Agincourt (1415)
- The Battle of Tannenberg (1410)
- The Siege of Constantinople (1453)
DISCLAIMER: Welcome scholars to the wild and wacky world of history class. This isn't your granddaddy's boring ol' lecture, baby. We will take a trip through time, which will be one wild ride. I know some of you are in a brick-and-mortar setting, while others are in the vast digital wasteland. But fear not; we're all in this together. Online students might miss out on some in-person interaction, but you can still join in on the fun. This little shindig aims to get you all engaged with the course material and understand how past societies have shaped the world we know today. We'll talk about revolutions, wars, and other crazy stuff. So get ready, kids, because it's going to be one heck of a trip. And for all, you online students out there, don't be shy. Please share your thoughts and ideas with the rest of us. The Professor will do his best to give everyone an equal opportunity to learn, so don't hold back. So, let's do this thing!
Activity: Recreating Ancient Battle Formations
Objective: To help students understand the complexity of ancient battle formations and the strategic thinking involved in them.
Instructions:
Activity: Battle Simulation
Objective: To help students understand the tactics, strategies, and equipment used by medieval armies in battles.
Instructions:
THE RUNDOWN
Activity: Recreating Ancient Battle Formations
Objective: To help students understand the complexity of ancient battle formations and the strategic thinking involved in them.
Instructions:
- Introduce the concept of ancient battle formations and provide examples from different time periods and regions. Explain that in this activity, students will be recreating some of these formations to get a better understanding of how they worked.
- Divide the class into small groups of 3-4 students each.
- Give each group a different ancient battle formation to recreate. Provide images or descriptions of the formation as necessary.
- Instruct each group to use the sticky notes or small pieces of paper and writing instruments to mark out the positions of soldiers in the formation on the ground.
- Once the groups have finished marking out their formation, have them discuss the strategic thinking behind the formation. What advantages and disadvantages does it offer? How would they use this formation in battle?
- Once the groups have had a chance to discuss their formation, have them present it to the rest of the class. Encourage discussion and questions from the other groups.
- Conclude the activity by summarizing the key takeaways. What did the students learn about ancient battle formations? How did recreating the formations help them understand the strategic thinking behind them?
Activity: Battle Simulation
Objective: To help students understand the tactics, strategies, and equipment used by medieval armies in battles.
Instructions:
- Divide the class into two teams, representing opposing armies from a specific medieval battle.
- Assign roles to each team member, such as archers, infantry, and cavalry. You can also assign specific tasks, such as defending a particular location or attacking a certain stronghold.
- Use the flags or markers to represent the opposing armies' territories and set up the battlefield accordingly.
- Give each team a set amount of time to prepare their tactics, strategy, and equipment. Encourage them to research and use historically accurate techniques.
- Once both teams are ready, begin the battle simulation. The goal is to eliminate as many opposing team members as possible without getting eliminated yourself.
- Play until one team emerges as the victor or until time runs out.
- After the simulation, debrief the class by discussing the tactics and strategies used by each team. You can also analyze the battle and discuss the reasons why one team emerged as the victor.
THE RUNDOWN
- US has a contradictory history regarding war and militarism
- Known for confronting global injustice, but criticized for aggression and excessive military spending
- Strong military prowess demonstrated in past conflicts, but obsession with war comes at the expense of social welfare programs
- Vietnam War was divisive, with many Americans protesting against the government's actions
- American foreign policy and military intervention need scrutiny to understand their costs and benefits
- Studying vices is essential for understanding societal beliefs and cultural norms
- However, it's important to approach the study tactfully to avoid reinforcing negative stereotypes or stigmatizing marginalized communities
- By understanding the role of sins in history, we can better grasp the intricate workings of our world and reflect on our values and behaviors
- Warfare has been present throughout history and has evolved
- Ancient and medieval civilizations emphasized military training and discipline, resulting in advanced strategies and tactics
- Negatives of ancient and medieval warfare include displacement, enslavement, high mortality rates, and lasting psychological trauma
- Legacy of colonization and imperialism has left many nations in political instability and economic underdevelopment
- Studying the evolution of warfare offers insights into human nature, including our capability for brutality, courage and gallantry, and longing for control and conquest.
ASSIGNMENTS
Need help? You can find the Midterm Rundown HERE and the Study Guide HERE
Remember all assignments, tests and quizzes must be submitted official via BLACKBOARD
- Forum Discussion #9
- MIDTERM
Need help? You can find the Midterm Rundown HERE and the Study Guide HERE
Remember all assignments, tests and quizzes must be submitted official via BLACKBOARD
Forum Discussion #9
The Weird History Youtube channel is a popular online platform that explores unusual and little-known facts and events from throughout history. With over a million subscribers and hundreds of videos, this channel covers a wide range of topics, from bizarre historical figures to strange cultural practices and everything in between. Watch this video and answer the following question:
The Weird History Youtube channel is a popular online platform that explores unusual and little-known facts and events from throughout history. With over a million subscribers and hundreds of videos, this channel covers a wide range of topics, from bizarre historical figures to strange cultural practices and everything in between. Watch this video and answer the following question:
What do you think were the most significant factors that contributed to the success or failure of a medieval battle, and how did they differ from the factors that are important in modern warfare?
Need help? Remember the Discussion Board Rubric.
THE RUNDOWN
Imagine being transported back to medieval times, standing on the front lines of a battle, surrounded by soldiers wielding weapons designed to kill. That's exactly what the latest offering from the Weird History Youtube channel explores. From the warm months between planting and harvest to the brutal reality of medieval warfare, this video paints a vivid picture of what it was like to be in the thick of the action.
But it's not all doom and gloom. Depending on the type of battle, soldiers could bring their families along for the ride, and some women of aristocratic backgrounds even accompanied their husbands on later Crusades. Of course, as the video highlights, the dangers of battle were very real. Fatal wounds were common, and head injuries from maces, swords, and axes could lead to brain damage and deformity. When it came to medieval battles, siege warfare was a fundamental part of the strategy. The goal was to intimidate, attrition, and surrender the enemy, rather than completely obliterating them. As supplies ran low, diseases spread, and defenses proved insufficient, surrender became the most viable option. Foot soldiers, who often had little understanding of the battles they were fighting in, would routinely fall victim to misunderstandings and miscommunications, leading to panic.
But the medieval battlefield wasn't just about blood and gore. Taking prisoners was a common occurrence, and captors expected their captives to pay for themselves, especially if they were knights who became prime ransom material. Men of the cloth also took part in the battles, highlighting the inseparable link between religion and statehood during the medieval period. Winning a battle wasn't just a victory for the commander; it was seen as a victory for God and demonstrated the commander's support for the church.
WORK CITED
Hey, welcome to the work cited section! Here's where you'll find all the heavy hitters that inspired the content you've just consumed. Some might think citations are as dull as unbuttered toast, but nothing gets my intellectual juices flowing like a good reference list. Don't get me wrong, just because we've cited a source; doesn't mean we're always going to see eye-to-eye. But that's the beauty of it - it's up to you to chew on the material and come to conclusions. Listen, we've gone to great lengths to ensure these citations are accurate, but let's face it, we're all human. So, give us a holler if you notice any mistakes or suggest more sources. We're always looking to up our game. Ultimately, it's all about pursuing knowledge and truth, my friends.
LEGAL MUMBO JUMBO
Need help? Remember the Discussion Board Rubric.
THE RUNDOWN
Imagine being transported back to medieval times, standing on the front lines of a battle, surrounded by soldiers wielding weapons designed to kill. That's exactly what the latest offering from the Weird History Youtube channel explores. From the warm months between planting and harvest to the brutal reality of medieval warfare, this video paints a vivid picture of what it was like to be in the thick of the action.
But it's not all doom and gloom. Depending on the type of battle, soldiers could bring their families along for the ride, and some women of aristocratic backgrounds even accompanied their husbands on later Crusades. Of course, as the video highlights, the dangers of battle were very real. Fatal wounds were common, and head injuries from maces, swords, and axes could lead to brain damage and deformity. When it came to medieval battles, siege warfare was a fundamental part of the strategy. The goal was to intimidate, attrition, and surrender the enemy, rather than completely obliterating them. As supplies ran low, diseases spread, and defenses proved insufficient, surrender became the most viable option. Foot soldiers, who often had little understanding of the battles they were fighting in, would routinely fall victim to misunderstandings and miscommunications, leading to panic.
But the medieval battlefield wasn't just about blood and gore. Taking prisoners was a common occurrence, and captors expected their captives to pay for themselves, especially if they were knights who became prime ransom material. Men of the cloth also took part in the battles, highlighting the inseparable link between religion and statehood during the medieval period. Winning a battle wasn't just a victory for the commander; it was seen as a victory for God and demonstrated the commander's support for the church.
WORK CITED
Hey, welcome to the work cited section! Here's where you'll find all the heavy hitters that inspired the content you've just consumed. Some might think citations are as dull as unbuttered toast, but nothing gets my intellectual juices flowing like a good reference list. Don't get me wrong, just because we've cited a source; doesn't mean we're always going to see eye-to-eye. But that's the beauty of it - it's up to you to chew on the material and come to conclusions. Listen, we've gone to great lengths to ensure these citations are accurate, but let's face it, we're all human. So, give us a holler if you notice any mistakes or suggest more sources. We're always looking to up our game. Ultimately, it's all about pursuing knowledge and truth, my friends.
- Merriam-Webster.com. "Vices." Merriam-Webster, n.d. Web. 24 Feb. 2023. https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/vice
- Hughes, J. Donald. "Gambling in Medieval Europe." The American Historical Review, vol. 94, no. 4, 1989, pp. 936–937. JSTOR, www.jstor.org/stable/1862396. Accessed 24 Feb. 2023.
- Yang, Xiaoping. "Opium and the Opium Wars: A Reappraisal." Pacific Affairs, vol. 75, no. 4, 2002, pp. 557-580. JSTOR, www.jstor.org/stable/40022811. Accessed 24 Feb. 2023.
- Williams, Elizabeth. "Vices and Virtues in Ancient Greece." The Ancient History Encyclopedia, 23 Jul. 2019, www.ancient.eu/article/1406/vices-and-virtues-in-ancient-greece/. Accessed 24 Feb. 2023.
- Center for History and New Media, George Mason University. "Studying Vice and Crime." n.d. chnm.gmu.edu/courses/122/content/themes/studying-vice-and-crime/. Accessed 24 Feb. 2023.
- Loewen, James. "Lies My Teacher Told Me: Everything Your American History Textbook Got Wrong." The New Press, 2018.
- Zinn, Howard. "A People's History of the United States." Harper Perennial Modern Classics, 2015.
- Farber, David. "The Age of Great Dreams: America in the 1960s." Hill and Wang, 1994.
LEGAL MUMBO JUMBO
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