HST 202 Module #8
Week 8: Children of the Atom (1950 CE - 1956 CE)
The years from 1950 to 1956 CE were meaningful in the annals of United States history, witnessing both triumph and tragedy. On the one hand, this epoch bore witness to the rise of the US as a preeminent global power following the cataclysmic events of World War II. Buoyed by a surging economy and a formidable military machine, the nation strode confidently onto the world stage, eager to flex its muscles and assert its dominance. Yet, as is often the case with moments of significant change and upheaval, this era was also one of profound social and political turbulence. With its ominous shadow of nuclear annihilation, the dawn of the Cold War cast a pall over the entire world as the US and its erstwhile ally, the Soviet Union, engaged in a tense and dangerous game of brinkmanship. Meanwhile, the Korean War raged on, claiming countless lives and leaving a trail of devastation in its wake.
And yet, even as these dark clouds gathered on the horizon, a new movement was taking shape in the US, eventually transforming the nation and the world. The Civil Rights Movement, spearheaded by courageous and visionary leaders such as Martin Luther King Jr., sought to challenge the entrenched system of racial discrimination and inequality that had long plagued American society. Through nonviolent protests and acts of civil disobedience, this movement galvanized millions of Americans and laid the groundwork for a more just and equitable society. Thus, as we look back on this pivotal period in US history, we are confronted with a complex and multifaceted legacy that embodies both the promise and the perils of human progress. In our own time and place, it is up to us to carry forward the best of what this era had to offer while also striving to avoid its most tragic and destructive pitfalls.
Picture this: It was June 25, 1950. The Korean War had just begun, marking the first significant military engagement of the Cold War. The US's involvement was crucial in its foreign policy, as it stood at the forefront of global power. The war lasted until 1953 and ended in a stalemate, but not without reinforcing the US's status as a force to be reckoned with. The Korean War was one of the most significant events of its time, shaping history for years to come. But amidst the post-war boom and the birth of rock and roll, the era had a darker side: McCarthyism. Senator Joseph McCarthy, a man with a thirst for power and an insatiable appetite for accusations, was the face of the Red Scare that swept the nation.
McCarthy's crusade against supposed communist sympathizers knew no bounds, and it wasn't long before the fear and paranoia spread like wildfire. People were losing their jobs left and right, being blacklisted without any evidence to support the accusations against them. The chilling effect on free speech and civil liberties was palpable, and the atmosphere was suspicion and distrust. It was a time when even the slightest hint of left-leaning beliefs could be enough to ruin a person's life. And while McCarthy may have faded into obscurity, the legacy of his reign of terror lives on. But let us not forget the lessons of history, and the importance of protecting our fundamental rights and freedoms, lest we find ourselves in a similar situation again.
On the bright side, the economy was booming like never before, powered by the post-war industrial boom that seemed to have no end. Thanks to the G.I. Bill, signed into law in 1944, the nation's veterans were granted access to education and housing benefits, which helped establish a flourishing middle class. Meanwhile, technological advancements, such as creating the first commercial computer, the ENIAC, in 1951 played a crucial role in fueling economic growth and innovation. But progress was more expansive than the realm of economics and technology. Social advancement was also taking place, albeit slowly. The Civil Rights Movement was finally starting to make some headway, with the landmark Supreme Court case Brown v. Board of Education in 1954 declaring segregation in public schools unconstitutional. This ruling paved the way for further advances in civil rights, but it would take years of activism and struggle before the significant change would occur. Nevertheless, it was a step in the right direction and marked the beginning of a long and arduous journey toward equality and justice for all.
Verily, studying this age is paramount, for it doth grant us the wisdom to comprehend the intricate and oft-conflicting influences that did forge the present world. Such knowledge shall also illuminate the insidious nature of political oppression and dread, which doth pose a grave threat to the democratic virtues and institutions that we hold dear. Moreover, it shall reveal the profound significance of economic advancement and its repercussions on the fabric of society. And lastly, it shall cast a beacon upon the genesis of the Civil Rights Movement and the never-ending strife for racial parity in the United States. By delving into this era, we unravel the intricacies of the events and movements that have sculpted American civilization and the globe. With this awareness, we can chart a course for a brighter tomorrow by evading the blunders of yore and amplifying its triumphs.
THE RUNDOWN
QUESTIONS
The years from 1950 to 1956 CE were meaningful in the annals of United States history, witnessing both triumph and tragedy. On the one hand, this epoch bore witness to the rise of the US as a preeminent global power following the cataclysmic events of World War II. Buoyed by a surging economy and a formidable military machine, the nation strode confidently onto the world stage, eager to flex its muscles and assert its dominance. Yet, as is often the case with moments of significant change and upheaval, this era was also one of profound social and political turbulence. With its ominous shadow of nuclear annihilation, the dawn of the Cold War cast a pall over the entire world as the US and its erstwhile ally, the Soviet Union, engaged in a tense and dangerous game of brinkmanship. Meanwhile, the Korean War raged on, claiming countless lives and leaving a trail of devastation in its wake.
And yet, even as these dark clouds gathered on the horizon, a new movement was taking shape in the US, eventually transforming the nation and the world. The Civil Rights Movement, spearheaded by courageous and visionary leaders such as Martin Luther King Jr., sought to challenge the entrenched system of racial discrimination and inequality that had long plagued American society. Through nonviolent protests and acts of civil disobedience, this movement galvanized millions of Americans and laid the groundwork for a more just and equitable society. Thus, as we look back on this pivotal period in US history, we are confronted with a complex and multifaceted legacy that embodies both the promise and the perils of human progress. In our own time and place, it is up to us to carry forward the best of what this era had to offer while also striving to avoid its most tragic and destructive pitfalls.
Picture this: It was June 25, 1950. The Korean War had just begun, marking the first significant military engagement of the Cold War. The US's involvement was crucial in its foreign policy, as it stood at the forefront of global power. The war lasted until 1953 and ended in a stalemate, but not without reinforcing the US's status as a force to be reckoned with. The Korean War was one of the most significant events of its time, shaping history for years to come. But amidst the post-war boom and the birth of rock and roll, the era had a darker side: McCarthyism. Senator Joseph McCarthy, a man with a thirst for power and an insatiable appetite for accusations, was the face of the Red Scare that swept the nation.
McCarthy's crusade against supposed communist sympathizers knew no bounds, and it wasn't long before the fear and paranoia spread like wildfire. People were losing their jobs left and right, being blacklisted without any evidence to support the accusations against them. The chilling effect on free speech and civil liberties was palpable, and the atmosphere was suspicion and distrust. It was a time when even the slightest hint of left-leaning beliefs could be enough to ruin a person's life. And while McCarthy may have faded into obscurity, the legacy of his reign of terror lives on. But let us not forget the lessons of history, and the importance of protecting our fundamental rights and freedoms, lest we find ourselves in a similar situation again.
On the bright side, the economy was booming like never before, powered by the post-war industrial boom that seemed to have no end. Thanks to the G.I. Bill, signed into law in 1944, the nation's veterans were granted access to education and housing benefits, which helped establish a flourishing middle class. Meanwhile, technological advancements, such as creating the first commercial computer, the ENIAC, in 1951 played a crucial role in fueling economic growth and innovation. But progress was more expansive than the realm of economics and technology. Social advancement was also taking place, albeit slowly. The Civil Rights Movement was finally starting to make some headway, with the landmark Supreme Court case Brown v. Board of Education in 1954 declaring segregation in public schools unconstitutional. This ruling paved the way for further advances in civil rights, but it would take years of activism and struggle before the significant change would occur. Nevertheless, it was a step in the right direction and marked the beginning of a long and arduous journey toward equality and justice for all.
Verily, studying this age is paramount, for it doth grant us the wisdom to comprehend the intricate and oft-conflicting influences that did forge the present world. Such knowledge shall also illuminate the insidious nature of political oppression and dread, which doth pose a grave threat to the democratic virtues and institutions that we hold dear. Moreover, it shall reveal the profound significance of economic advancement and its repercussions on the fabric of society. And lastly, it shall cast a beacon upon the genesis of the Civil Rights Movement and the never-ending strife for racial parity in the United States. By delving into this era, we unravel the intricacies of the events and movements that have sculpted American civilization and the globe. With this awareness, we can chart a course for a brighter tomorrow by evading the blunders of yore and amplifying its triumphs.
THE RUNDOWN
- The years from 1950 to 1956 were significant in US history, with triumph and tragedy.
- The US emerged as a global power after WWII with a surging economy and formidable military, but the dawn of the Cold War and the Korean War cast a shadow over the world.
- The Civil Rights Movement challenged racial discrimination and inequality, laying the groundwork for a more just society.
- McCarthyism, led by Senator Joseph McCarthy, spread fear and paranoia, leading to a chilling effect on free speech and civil liberties.
- The post-war economic boom, technological advancements, and the G.I. Bill established a flourishing middle class.
- The landmark Supreme Court case Brown v. Board of Education declared segregation unconstitutional, paving the way for further civil rights advancements.
- Studying this era is essential to understanding the influences that shaped the present world, the insidious nature of political oppression and dread, the significance of economic advancement, and the genesis of the Civil Rights Movement.
QUESTIONS
- What were some of the significant events that occurred in the United States between 1950 and 1956, and how did they shape the country's history?
- How do the events of the 1950s continue to shape US society and politics today? In what ways have we built upon the successes and addressed the shortcomings of this era?
- What can we learn from studying the complex and multifaceted legacy of the 1950s, and how might this knowledge inform our efforts to create a more just and equitable society in the future?
#8 Focus on the Vices
This is true for several reasons. First and most is pragmatic: it’s the sheer entertainment value. Breaking down the history of sex, drugs, and violence captivates audiences (as mentioned in earlier podcasts). Our lizard brain deep down in the recesses of our minds are completely captivated by carnal pleasures. Secondly, vices are an innate connection to us all. While you may not have not engaged in nefarious activities, you at one point have ingested a stimulant, been in a fight, or been sexually aroused. Vices are to a certain extent, egalitarian in that respect. And lastly, we need to study the ways vices are suppressed throughout history. Not “what” people were doing, but “why” someone would want to stop them from doing it.
In the annals of human history, few topics have stirred as much intrigue, inquiry, and contention as vices. These are the pernicious habits or actions that society deems unethical or taboo. Exploring vices is an important endeavor, unlocking a deeper understanding of human conduct, societal beliefs, and cultural norms. In this discourse, our attention will be riveted on studying history-related vices. We shall scrutinize the merits and demerits of this pursuit, citing specific instances and dates. Furthermore, we shall expound on the ongoing pertinence of this field of study.
When we take a gander at the vices of yore, we can learn a thing or two about the norms and practices of those ancient times. We can peek into the Greeks' perspectives on society, faith, and culture by scrutinizing vino consumption. For instance, the ancient Greeks saw wine as a vice, but only when it caused raucousness and disorder. However, they also viewed wine as a symbol of sophistication and culture, and it played a crucial part in their religious and societal rituals. Similarly, gambling was all the rage in medieval Europe among the highfalutin and the wealthy. The church and the ruling elite frowned upon this vice, but it also served as a way to socialize and form connections. By studying gambling in medieval Europe, we can gain insight into the values and social dynamics of that time, as well as the role of vices in the lives of the powerful.
But here's the thing, folks. Vices, as they say, can be a double-edged sword. Sure, it may seem fascinating to delve into the dark underbelly of humanity and explore the various addictions and indulgences that define us. But there's a danger lurking beneath the surface, my friends. Take opium smoking in China, for instance. It was all the rage in the 19th and early 20th centuries. But with popularity comes scrutiny, and soon enough, this vice became associated with moral decay and social disorder. And let's not forget how it was used as a symbol of China's supposed weakness and inferiority in the eyes of the Western world.
We can study these vices and try to understand them better. But let's not forget that we risk perpetuating negative stereotypes and stigmatizing entire cultures and societies. It's a fine line we tread, my friends, a fantastic line indeed. Studying the vices of prostitution, homosexuality, and drug use in Western societies can perpetuate harmful stereotypes and ostracize already marginalized communities. It's crucial to approach these subjects tactfully and understand, eschewing any reinforcement of discriminatory beliefs or attitudes. Studying sins can give us a peek into the deepest, darkest corners of human behavior. It's like looking into the abyss and seeing what kind of freaky shit we're capable of.
But it's not just about getting our jollies from studying the seedy underbelly of society. No, sir, this is about understanding cultural norms and societal values. We can learn how our ancestors dealt with moral and ethical dilemmas and how they built their cultural identities. And that's important, man. Cause if we don't learn from the past, we're doomed to repeat it. And let's remember ourselves, my friends. By studying vices, we can take a long hard look in the mirror and reflect on our values and behaviors. It's like shining a blacklight on our souls, man. We can see all the stains and blemishes we've tried to hide. But that's okay cause we can use that knowledge to understand better the crazy social and cultural dynamics of our own time. So don't be afraid to embrace the dark side, folks. It's all part of the ride. Just make sure you buckle up because it will be wild.
Listen, lads, the past is full of vice and sin, but it isn't all bad. If you study it right, you can learn a thing or two about human nature, culture, and society. Mind you; there be pitfalls on this path - we want to avoid the fires of bigotry and hate. We should approach this study carefully and understand, lest we fall into the same traps as our ancestors. But, mark my words, by studying vice and sin in the annals of history, we can better grasp our values and behaviors and the intricate workings of our world.
THE RUNDOWN
This is true for several reasons. First and most is pragmatic: it’s the sheer entertainment value. Breaking down the history of sex, drugs, and violence captivates audiences (as mentioned in earlier podcasts). Our lizard brain deep down in the recesses of our minds are completely captivated by carnal pleasures. Secondly, vices are an innate connection to us all. While you may not have not engaged in nefarious activities, you at one point have ingested a stimulant, been in a fight, or been sexually aroused. Vices are to a certain extent, egalitarian in that respect. And lastly, we need to study the ways vices are suppressed throughout history. Not “what” people were doing, but “why” someone would want to stop them from doing it.
In the annals of human history, few topics have stirred as much intrigue, inquiry, and contention as vices. These are the pernicious habits or actions that society deems unethical or taboo. Exploring vices is an important endeavor, unlocking a deeper understanding of human conduct, societal beliefs, and cultural norms. In this discourse, our attention will be riveted on studying history-related vices. We shall scrutinize the merits and demerits of this pursuit, citing specific instances and dates. Furthermore, we shall expound on the ongoing pertinence of this field of study.
When we take a gander at the vices of yore, we can learn a thing or two about the norms and practices of those ancient times. We can peek into the Greeks' perspectives on society, faith, and culture by scrutinizing vino consumption. For instance, the ancient Greeks saw wine as a vice, but only when it caused raucousness and disorder. However, they also viewed wine as a symbol of sophistication and culture, and it played a crucial part in their religious and societal rituals. Similarly, gambling was all the rage in medieval Europe among the highfalutin and the wealthy. The church and the ruling elite frowned upon this vice, but it also served as a way to socialize and form connections. By studying gambling in medieval Europe, we can gain insight into the values and social dynamics of that time, as well as the role of vices in the lives of the powerful.
But here's the thing, folks. Vices, as they say, can be a double-edged sword. Sure, it may seem fascinating to delve into the dark underbelly of humanity and explore the various addictions and indulgences that define us. But there's a danger lurking beneath the surface, my friends. Take opium smoking in China, for instance. It was all the rage in the 19th and early 20th centuries. But with popularity comes scrutiny, and soon enough, this vice became associated with moral decay and social disorder. And let's not forget how it was used as a symbol of China's supposed weakness and inferiority in the eyes of the Western world.
We can study these vices and try to understand them better. But let's not forget that we risk perpetuating negative stereotypes and stigmatizing entire cultures and societies. It's a fine line we tread, my friends, a fantastic line indeed. Studying the vices of prostitution, homosexuality, and drug use in Western societies can perpetuate harmful stereotypes and ostracize already marginalized communities. It's crucial to approach these subjects tactfully and understand, eschewing any reinforcement of discriminatory beliefs or attitudes. Studying sins can give us a peek into the deepest, darkest corners of human behavior. It's like looking into the abyss and seeing what kind of freaky shit we're capable of.
But it's not just about getting our jollies from studying the seedy underbelly of society. No, sir, this is about understanding cultural norms and societal values. We can learn how our ancestors dealt with moral and ethical dilemmas and how they built their cultural identities. And that's important, man. Cause if we don't learn from the past, we're doomed to repeat it. And let's remember ourselves, my friends. By studying vices, we can take a long hard look in the mirror and reflect on our values and behaviors. It's like shining a blacklight on our souls, man. We can see all the stains and blemishes we've tried to hide. But that's okay cause we can use that knowledge to understand better the crazy social and cultural dynamics of our own time. So don't be afraid to embrace the dark side, folks. It's all part of the ride. Just make sure you buckle up because it will be wild.
Listen, lads, the past is full of vice and sin, but it isn't all bad. If you study it right, you can learn a thing or two about human nature, culture, and society. Mind you; there be pitfalls on this path - we want to avoid the fires of bigotry and hate. We should approach this study carefully and understand, lest we fall into the same traps as our ancestors. But, mark my words, by studying vice and sin in the annals of history, we can better grasp our values and behaviors and the intricate workings of our world.
THE RUNDOWN
- To understand why people behave the way they do and the beliefs and customs of a society, it's essential to learn about vices.
- Vices give us a glimpse into how people lived in different times and places and what was important to them.
- However, we must be careful when studying vices because it can lead to stereotypes and unfair treatment of certain groups.
- We should approach the topic sensitively and avoid reinforcing prejudices or negative attitudes.
- By studying vices, we can learn from our mistakes and consider what values are important to us.
- By looking at how people in the past thought about sins, we can gain a better understanding of how the world works.
STATE OF THE UNION
HIGHLIGHTS
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We've got some fine classroom lectures coming your way, all courtesy of the RPTM podcast. These lectures will take you on a wild ride through history, exploring everything from ancient civilizations and epic battles to scientific breakthroughs and artistic revolutions. The podcast will guide you through each lecture with its no-nonsense, straight-talking style, using various sources to give you the lowdown on each topic. You won't find any fancy-pants jargon or convoluted theories here, just plain and straightforward explanations anyone can understand. So sit back and prepare to soak up some knowledge.
LECTURES
LECTURES
- COMING SOON
READING
Carnes, Chapter 26: The New Deal: 1933-1941
This class utilizes the following textbook:
Carnes, Mark C., and John A. Garraty. American Destiny: Narrative of a Nation. 4th ed. Vol. 2.: Pearson, 2011.
Mark C. Carnes and John A. Garraty are respected historians who have made notable contributions to American history. Carnes specializes in American education and culture, focusing on the role of secret societies in shaping American culture in the 19th century. Garraty is known for his general surveys of American history, his biographies of American historical figures and studies of specific aspects of American history, and his clear and accessible writing.
Carnes, Chapter 26: The New Deal: 1933-1941
This class utilizes the following textbook:
Carnes, Mark C., and John A. Garraty. American Destiny: Narrative of a Nation. 4th ed. Vol. 2.: Pearson, 2011.
Mark C. Carnes and John A. Garraty are respected historians who have made notable contributions to American history. Carnes specializes in American education and culture, focusing on the role of secret societies in shaping American culture in the 19th century. Garraty is known for his general surveys of American history, his biographies of American historical figures and studies of specific aspects of American history, and his clear and accessible writing.
Howard Zinn was a historian, writer, and political activist known for his critical analysis of American history. He is particularly well-known for his counter-narrative to traditional American history accounts and highlights marginalized groups' experiences and perspectives. Zinn's work is often associated with social history and is known for his Marxist and socialist views. Larry Schweikart is also a historian, but his work and perspective are often considered more conservative. Schweikart's work is often associated with military history, and he is known for his support of free-market economics and limited government. Overall, Zinn and Schweikart have different perspectives on various historical issues and events and may interpret historical events and phenomena differently. Occasionally, we will also look at Thaddeus Russell, a historian, author, and academic. Russell has written extensively on the history of social and cultural change, and his work focuses on how marginalized and oppressed groups have challenged and transformed mainstream culture. Russell is known for his unconventional and controversial ideas, and his work has been praised for its originality and provocative nature.
My classes utilize both Howard Zinn's A People's History of the United States and Larry Schweikart's Patriot's History of the United States, mostly in excerpts posted to the modules. You can access the full text of People's History or Patriot's History by clicking on the links.
My classes utilize both Howard Zinn's A People's History of the United States and Larry Schweikart's Patriot's History of the United States, mostly in excerpts posted to the modules. You can access the full text of People's History or Patriot's History by clicking on the links.
Zinn, A People's History of the United States
"... Undoubtedly, there was success in the attempt to make the general public fearful of Communists and ready to take drastic actions against them-imprisonment at home, military action abroad. The whole culture was permeated with anti-Communism. The large circulation magazines had articles like 'How Communists Get That Way' and 'Communists Are After Your Child.' The New York Times in 1956 ran an editorial: 'We would not knowingly employ a Communist party member in the news or editorial departments ... because we would not trust his ability to report the news objectively or to comment on it honestly...' An FBI informer's story about his exploits as a Communist who became an FBI
agent-'I Led Three Lives'-was serialized in five hundred newspapers and put on television. Hollywood movies had titles like I Married a Communist and / Was a Communist for the FBI. Between 1948 and 1954, more than forty anti-Communist films came out of Hollywood.
Even the American Civil Liberties Union, set up specifically to defend the liberties of Communists and all other political groups, began to wilt in the cold war atmosphere. It had already started in this direction back in 1940 when it expelled one of its charter members, Elizabeth Gurley Flynn, because she was a member of the Communist party. In the fifties, the ACLU was hesitant to defend Corliss Lament, its own board member, and Owen LaItimore, when both were under attack. It was reluctant to defend publicly the Communist leaders during the first Smith Act trial, and kept completely out of the Roseinberg case, saying no civil liberties issues were involved.
Young and old were taught that anti-Communism was heroic. Three million copies were sold of the book by Mickey Spillane published in 1951, One Lonely Night, in which the hero, Mike Hammer, says: 'I killed more people tonight than I have fingers on my hands. I shot them in cold blood and enjoyed every minute of it.... They were Commies . . . red sons-of-bitches who should have died long ago. ...' A comic strip hero, Captain America, said: 'Beware, commies, spies, traitors, and foreign agents! Captain America, with all loyal, free men behind him, is looking for you....' And in the fifties, schoolchildren all over the country participated in air raid drills in which a Soviet attack on America was signaled by sirens: the children had to crouch under their desks until it was 'all clear'..."
"... Undoubtedly, there was success in the attempt to make the general public fearful of Communists and ready to take drastic actions against them-imprisonment at home, military action abroad. The whole culture was permeated with anti-Communism. The large circulation magazines had articles like 'How Communists Get That Way' and 'Communists Are After Your Child.' The New York Times in 1956 ran an editorial: 'We would not knowingly employ a Communist party member in the news or editorial departments ... because we would not trust his ability to report the news objectively or to comment on it honestly...' An FBI informer's story about his exploits as a Communist who became an FBI
agent-'I Led Three Lives'-was serialized in five hundred newspapers and put on television. Hollywood movies had titles like I Married a Communist and / Was a Communist for the FBI. Between 1948 and 1954, more than forty anti-Communist films came out of Hollywood.
Even the American Civil Liberties Union, set up specifically to defend the liberties of Communists and all other political groups, began to wilt in the cold war atmosphere. It had already started in this direction back in 1940 when it expelled one of its charter members, Elizabeth Gurley Flynn, because she was a member of the Communist party. In the fifties, the ACLU was hesitant to defend Corliss Lament, its own board member, and Owen LaItimore, when both were under attack. It was reluctant to defend publicly the Communist leaders during the first Smith Act trial, and kept completely out of the Roseinberg case, saying no civil liberties issues were involved.
Young and old were taught that anti-Communism was heroic. Three million copies were sold of the book by Mickey Spillane published in 1951, One Lonely Night, in which the hero, Mike Hammer, says: 'I killed more people tonight than I have fingers on my hands. I shot them in cold blood and enjoyed every minute of it.... They were Commies . . . red sons-of-bitches who should have died long ago. ...' A comic strip hero, Captain America, said: 'Beware, commies, spies, traitors, and foreign agents! Captain America, with all loyal, free men behind him, is looking for you....' And in the fifties, schoolchildren all over the country participated in air raid drills in which a Soviet attack on America was signaled by sirens: the children had to crouch under their desks until it was 'all clear'..."
Larry Schweikart, A Patriot's History of the United States
"... In 1953, therefore, Eisenhower had a remarkable opportunity. As the first GOP president since Hoover, he was in a position to limit or end some of the New Deal policies, especially with the House and Senate under Republican control for a brief time. Nevertheless, Ike recognized that part of his appeal rested on his bipartisan image. He had not run as anti-Roosevelt, and was indeed far too progressive for some in the Republican Party, including “Mr. Republican,” Senator Taft of Ohio. Many voters thought Taft and other conservatives overemphasized anticommunism to the exclusion of other issues (although Taft is perhaps best known for his sponsorship of the Taft Hartley Act of 1946, prohibiting closed-shop, union-only, workplaces). Taft’s insurgency failed, and the senator died in 1953, removing the most significant Republican opposing voice to Ike’s policies, although remaining GOP insurgents forced the president to moderate the rate of growth of New Deal programs. Where Ike did reverse New Deal policies was in his cabinet selections, who were mostly businessmen. Among the group was the devout Mormon, Ezra Taft Benson, who cut back federal ownership of hydroelectric power businesses and limited regulation of offshore oil leases. But Eisenhower did not hesitate to spend: the National Highway Act of 1956 used federal money to link the nation’s cities, thus lowering (private) transportation costs. Blasted as “corporate socialism” for Detroit, the act reflected Ike’s World War II experience, which impressed on him the need for a highway system for defense.
His domestic strategy, called dynamic conservatism, was a policy that shed the criticism that conservatives were only against something and offered nothing positive. The minimum wage rose to a dollar an hour under Eisenhower and federal aid to education increased through the National Defense Education Act. Social Security benefits likewise rose, and Ike created a new superagency—the Department of Health, Education, and Welfare—to continue to administer the New Deal welfare-state programs. Eisenhower did not end the New Deal, but he slowed its growth..."
"... In 1953, therefore, Eisenhower had a remarkable opportunity. As the first GOP president since Hoover, he was in a position to limit or end some of the New Deal policies, especially with the House and Senate under Republican control for a brief time. Nevertheless, Ike recognized that part of his appeal rested on his bipartisan image. He had not run as anti-Roosevelt, and was indeed far too progressive for some in the Republican Party, including “Mr. Republican,” Senator Taft of Ohio. Many voters thought Taft and other conservatives overemphasized anticommunism to the exclusion of other issues (although Taft is perhaps best known for his sponsorship of the Taft Hartley Act of 1946, prohibiting closed-shop, union-only, workplaces). Taft’s insurgency failed, and the senator died in 1953, removing the most significant Republican opposing voice to Ike’s policies, although remaining GOP insurgents forced the president to moderate the rate of growth of New Deal programs. Where Ike did reverse New Deal policies was in his cabinet selections, who were mostly businessmen. Among the group was the devout Mormon, Ezra Taft Benson, who cut back federal ownership of hydroelectric power businesses and limited regulation of offshore oil leases. But Eisenhower did not hesitate to spend: the National Highway Act of 1956 used federal money to link the nation’s cities, thus lowering (private) transportation costs. Blasted as “corporate socialism” for Detroit, the act reflected Ike’s World War II experience, which impressed on him the need for a highway system for defense.
His domestic strategy, called dynamic conservatism, was a policy that shed the criticism that conservatives were only against something and offered nothing positive. The minimum wage rose to a dollar an hour under Eisenhower and federal aid to education increased through the National Defense Education Act. Social Security benefits likewise rose, and Ike created a new superagency—the Department of Health, Education, and Welfare—to continue to administer the New Deal welfare-state programs. Eisenhower did not end the New Deal, but he slowed its growth..."
Thaddeus Russell, A Renegade History of the United States
"...Like rock-and-roll, Hollywood movies and comic books received just as much scorn from American political leaders as they did from Eastern Bloc authorities. Concerns over the rising rates of juvenile crime and the general sexualization of American teenagers spurred several members of Congress to look for their causes in popular culture. In 1955 Senator Estes Kefauver conducted a series of hearings on juvenile delinquency and its connections to sex and violence in popular culture. Dr. Leopold Wexberg, chief of the Mental Health Division of the Bureau of Disease Control in the Department of Public Health, testified that movies, television programs, and comic books did indeed contribute to juvenile delinquency. Kefauver concluded that the federal government was “not fully exercising the powers presently vested in it to protect the public interest, and especially to protect the Nation’s [sic] children from the magnitude of programs dealing with crime and violence.” FBI Director J. Edgar Hoover vowed to suppress “trash mills which spew out celluloid poison destroying the impressionable mind of youth...
...Why, then, did the culture of American renegades get so little praise from the would-be evangelists of democracy? If jazz, rock, comic books, and “vulgar” movies helped bring down Communism, why were they not promoted by American political leaders as beacons of freedom? The answer might be that, by necessity, leaders of all political varieties—from the American presidents to Communist commissars—share a devotion to social order and are therefore natural enemies of renegades..."
"...Like rock-and-roll, Hollywood movies and comic books received just as much scorn from American political leaders as they did from Eastern Bloc authorities. Concerns over the rising rates of juvenile crime and the general sexualization of American teenagers spurred several members of Congress to look for their causes in popular culture. In 1955 Senator Estes Kefauver conducted a series of hearings on juvenile delinquency and its connections to sex and violence in popular culture. Dr. Leopold Wexberg, chief of the Mental Health Division of the Bureau of Disease Control in the Department of Public Health, testified that movies, television programs, and comic books did indeed contribute to juvenile delinquency. Kefauver concluded that the federal government was “not fully exercising the powers presently vested in it to protect the public interest, and especially to protect the Nation’s [sic] children from the magnitude of programs dealing with crime and violence.” FBI Director J. Edgar Hoover vowed to suppress “trash mills which spew out celluloid poison destroying the impressionable mind of youth...
...Why, then, did the culture of American renegades get so little praise from the would-be evangelists of democracy? If jazz, rock, comic books, and “vulgar” movies helped bring down Communism, why were they not promoted by American political leaders as beacons of freedom? The answer might be that, by necessity, leaders of all political varieties—from the American presidents to Communist commissars—share a devotion to social order and are therefore natural enemies of renegades..."
What Does Professor Lancaster Think?
In the fraught days of the Cold War, communism loomed large over the American psyche, casting a menacing shadow over our society. Those in power - the government, the media, and their acolytes - waged a fierce battle to raise awareness about the supposed dangers of communism and to stoke the fires of anti-communist sentiment in the hearts and minds of the American people. The government, eager to please its constituents, engaged in a brutal campaign of domestic repression, imprisoning those suspected of communist sympathies without regard for due process or fundamental human rights. Their efforts were wildly successful. Fear took hold of the nation, and the people clamored for decisive action to combat the perceived threat.
But that was not enough. The government also sought to extend its reach beyond our shores, launching military interventions and covert operations to fight communism. The results were disastrous - lives lost, economies ruined, and communities torn apart. The reach of anti-communist fervor extended far beyond the halls of power, seeping into every nook and cranny of American life. The message was clear from the pages of magazines and newspapers to the silver screen and our children's schools: communism was a menace to be eradicated at all costs.
And so we find ourselves in the grip of a pervasive culture of anti-communism, a legacy of the Cold War that continues to shape our society today. The dangers of this ideology may have been exaggerated, but the damage done in the name of fighting it is all too real. So it goes that not even the American Civil Liberties Union, an organization established to protect individual freedoms, was eager to come to the aid of its board members when they found themselves in the crosshairs of persecution. The prevailing sentiment of anti-communism was so pervasive that even the pages of comic strips and books were rife with the notion that communists posed a threat to the very fabric of American society. And wouldn't you know it, political honchos and right-wing factions scoffed at Hollywood flicks and comic books, branding them as catalysts for wayward youth and the decline of cultural mores.
Listen, we can't ignore that the 50s had some shining moments, but we have to acknowledge the era's dark side too. The Red Scare brought out the worst in America. The government and the media went all in on fear-mongering, painting anyone who dared to have a different political opinion as a goddamn Commie. It was a witch hunt, plain and simple. Innocent people got dragged through the mud, their lives ruined by baseless accusations. And what about free speech? Hell, that went out the window too. You couldn't say anything without getting labeled a threat to national security. It was a real blow to democracy, my friends.
Communism is a curious thing. Despite the dissolution of the Soviet Union and the end of the Cold War, the negative perception of this ideology still permeates American politics and culture. Many Americans still view communism as a hateful, innately oppressive, and pernicious force. It's worth noting, of course, that there are many variations of communism, some of which don't necessarily endorse violence or authoritarianism. But for many, the specter of communism looms large, a haunting reminder of the ideological struggle that defined the 20th century. Let me tell you something straight from the gut. You can't sweep the negative impact of communism under the rug. It's a fact, Jack! Those commie regimes throughout history have caused some major league human rights violations. We're discussing mass killings, forced labor camps, and a severe clampdown on free speech and dissent. That isn't any way to live, man!
And I need to get started on the economic side of things. Communist ideology might sound like a groovy idea on paper, but the reality is a real bummer. It's like trying to ride a bicycle with square wheels. It just doesn't work, dig? Instead of growth and progress, you end up with inefficiency, stagnation, and decline. That's a one-way ticket to Palookaville! In this age of intellectual discourse, it behooves us to grasp the intricacies of political ideologies with a keen eye. Yet, one must recognize the tangible aftermath of such notions. Communism's grim imprint on societies cannot be brushed aside or belittled. No more than one can ignore the dire consequences of anti-Communism on American soil.
We must face modern trials with clear eyes and resolve for honesty and fairness. We must not abide by the easy tales that breed hate and separation but strive to shape a society founded on kindness, impartiality, and regard for human dignity. By heeding the errors of our history and seeking a brighter tomorrow, only then can we forge a world that is wholly righteous and impartial for all.
THE RUNDOWN
QUESTIONS
In the fraught days of the Cold War, communism loomed large over the American psyche, casting a menacing shadow over our society. Those in power - the government, the media, and their acolytes - waged a fierce battle to raise awareness about the supposed dangers of communism and to stoke the fires of anti-communist sentiment in the hearts and minds of the American people. The government, eager to please its constituents, engaged in a brutal campaign of domestic repression, imprisoning those suspected of communist sympathies without regard for due process or fundamental human rights. Their efforts were wildly successful. Fear took hold of the nation, and the people clamored for decisive action to combat the perceived threat.
But that was not enough. The government also sought to extend its reach beyond our shores, launching military interventions and covert operations to fight communism. The results were disastrous - lives lost, economies ruined, and communities torn apart. The reach of anti-communist fervor extended far beyond the halls of power, seeping into every nook and cranny of American life. The message was clear from the pages of magazines and newspapers to the silver screen and our children's schools: communism was a menace to be eradicated at all costs.
And so we find ourselves in the grip of a pervasive culture of anti-communism, a legacy of the Cold War that continues to shape our society today. The dangers of this ideology may have been exaggerated, but the damage done in the name of fighting it is all too real. So it goes that not even the American Civil Liberties Union, an organization established to protect individual freedoms, was eager to come to the aid of its board members when they found themselves in the crosshairs of persecution. The prevailing sentiment of anti-communism was so pervasive that even the pages of comic strips and books were rife with the notion that communists posed a threat to the very fabric of American society. And wouldn't you know it, political honchos and right-wing factions scoffed at Hollywood flicks and comic books, branding them as catalysts for wayward youth and the decline of cultural mores.
Listen, we can't ignore that the 50s had some shining moments, but we have to acknowledge the era's dark side too. The Red Scare brought out the worst in America. The government and the media went all in on fear-mongering, painting anyone who dared to have a different political opinion as a goddamn Commie. It was a witch hunt, plain and simple. Innocent people got dragged through the mud, their lives ruined by baseless accusations. And what about free speech? Hell, that went out the window too. You couldn't say anything without getting labeled a threat to national security. It was a real blow to democracy, my friends.
Communism is a curious thing. Despite the dissolution of the Soviet Union and the end of the Cold War, the negative perception of this ideology still permeates American politics and culture. Many Americans still view communism as a hateful, innately oppressive, and pernicious force. It's worth noting, of course, that there are many variations of communism, some of which don't necessarily endorse violence or authoritarianism. But for many, the specter of communism looms large, a haunting reminder of the ideological struggle that defined the 20th century. Let me tell you something straight from the gut. You can't sweep the negative impact of communism under the rug. It's a fact, Jack! Those commie regimes throughout history have caused some major league human rights violations. We're discussing mass killings, forced labor camps, and a severe clampdown on free speech and dissent. That isn't any way to live, man!
And I need to get started on the economic side of things. Communist ideology might sound like a groovy idea on paper, but the reality is a real bummer. It's like trying to ride a bicycle with square wheels. It just doesn't work, dig? Instead of growth and progress, you end up with inefficiency, stagnation, and decline. That's a one-way ticket to Palookaville! In this age of intellectual discourse, it behooves us to grasp the intricacies of political ideologies with a keen eye. Yet, one must recognize the tangible aftermath of such notions. Communism's grim imprint on societies cannot be brushed aside or belittled. No more than one can ignore the dire consequences of anti-Communism on American soil.
We must face modern trials with clear eyes and resolve for honesty and fairness. We must not abide by the easy tales that breed hate and separation but strive to shape a society founded on kindness, impartiality, and regard for human dignity. By heeding the errors of our history and seeking a brighter tomorrow, only then can we forge a world that is wholly righteous and impartial for all.
THE RUNDOWN
- During the Cold War, the American government, media, and society were heavily influenced by anti-communist sentiment.
- The government engaged in a campaign of domestic repression, imprisoning those suspected of communist sympathies without due process.
- The reach of anti-communist fervor extended into all aspects of American life, from media to schools.
- The legacy of anti-communism continues to shape American society today.
- Communism is viewed negatively by many Americans due to its association with violence, oppression, and economic inefficiency.
- It's important to acknowledge the negative impact of communism but also recognize the errors of anti-communism.
- To create a fair and just society, we must learn from our history and strive for kindness, impartiality, and human dignity.
QUESTIONS
- How did anti-communist sentiment in the Cold War era impact American society, politics, and culture?
- How did the anti-communist sentiment of the era impact free speech and dissent in America?
- What are some of the criticisms of communism as an ideology, and how do they relate to real-world examples of communist regimes throughout history?
THE RUNDOWN
So, picture this: it's the height of the Cold War, and both the United States and the Soviet Union are locked in a fierce arms race, desperate to come out on top. This video takes us on a journey through the development of nuclear weapons by both sides, starting with the Soviet Union's groundbreaking success in developing an atomic bomb in 1949. As you can imagine, the Americans were pretty shaken up by this news. Suddenly, their monopoly on nuclear weapons had been shattered, and they knew they had to respond. So they went ahead and developed the hydrogen bomb, even though some scientists, like Robert Oppenheimer, warned of the catastrophic dangers posed by such weapons.
The video takes us through the first successful test of the hydrogen bomb in 1952, but the arms race was far from over. In fact, the US began conducting secret photographic reconnaissance flights over Soviet territory to get a better sense of the Soviet Union's military strength. One of these flights turned up an unexpected result: an image of the entire Soviet bomber fleet. This was a huge deal, as it proved that there was no "bomber gap" as previously feared. However, the Soviet Union was actually focusing their efforts on developing missiles, which they believed were the weapons of the future.
In 1957, the Soviets pulled off another huge shocker: they launched the world's first space satellite, Sputnik. This marked the beginning of the space race and was a serious blow to US morale. Critics accused Eisenhower of being lethargic and giving away an advantage in the arms race. But the US wasn't going down without a fight. They allocated an additional $12 billion for defense, and successfully tested missiles like the Atlas Thor Minuteman and Polaris. In 1961, John F. Kennedy campaigned on the issue of the missile gap, claiming that Eisenhower had allowed the Soviets to develop a superior nuclear missile force. However, it was later discovered that the gap was actually in favor of the US.
And let's not forget Yuri Gagarin, the first man in space. He circled the earth for a solid 108 minutes and was hailed as a hero upon his return. It was clear that the space race was just as much a part of the arms race as the development of nuclear weapons. Overall, this video provides a fascinating look at the arms race during the Cold War and the lengths that both sides went to in order to gain an advantage. It's a reminder of just how high the stakes were and how close we came to the brink of total destruction.
KEY TERMS
- 1950 Rock Music
- 1950 Soul Music
- 1950 Harry Hay
- 1950 Risks of smoking
- 1951 Jack LaLanne
- 1952 - The first roll-on deodorant
- 1952 Christine Jorgensen
- 1952 Bettie Page
- 1953 President Eisenhower Effectively Bans LGBT People from Government
- 1953- Thanksgiving dinner
- 1953: Operation Ajax
- 1953- Playboy
- 1954 Operation Wetback
- 1954 U.S. Army–McCarthy Hearings
- 1954 Brown v. Board of Education
- 1954 Comic Code Authority
- 1955 the Daughters of Bilitis
- 1955 Emmett Till
- 1955 Shopping Malls
- 1955 Rosa Parks
- 1956 Elvis
- 1956 operation gladio
DISCLAIMER: Welcome scholars to the wild and wacky world of history class. This isn't your granddaddy's boring ol' lecture, baby. We will take a trip through time, which will be one wild ride. I know some of you are in a brick-and-mortar setting, while others are in the vast digital wasteland. But fear not; we're all in this together. Online students might miss out on some in-person interaction, but you can still join in on the fun. This little shindig aims to get you all engaged with the course material and understand how past societies have shaped the world we know today. We'll talk about revolutions, wars, and other crazy stuff. So get ready, kids, because it's going to be one heck of a trip. And for all, you online students out there, don't be shy. Please share your thoughts and ideas with the rest of us. The Professor will do his best to give everyone an equal opportunity to learn, so don't hold back. So, let's do this thing!
Activity: Red Scare Simulation
Objective: To engage students in a role-playing simulation of the Red Scare in the United States during the 1950s, and to help them understand the historical context and consequences of this era.
Instructions:
- Begin the class by introducing the Red Scare in the United States during the 1950s, and its impact on society. Provide students with the Red Scare background information handout, which should include a brief timeline of events, major players, and consequences of the era.
- Explain that the students will be participating in a role-playing simulation of the Red Scare, and that each student will be assigned a character to play. The characters will include government officials, journalists, Hollywood actors, union leaders, and ordinary citizens who were affected by the Red Scare. Distribute the role-playing character cards to the students, and give them some time to read and prepare.
- Explain that the simulation will take place in three rounds, each representing a different stage of the Red Scare. The goal of each round is to identify and eliminate suspected communists or subversives from society.
- Round One: The first round represents the early stages of the Red Scare, when accusations were widespread and investigations were just beginning. In this round, each student will have a chance to accuse another student of being a communist or subversive, and to explain why they think so. The accused student will have a chance to defend themselves and argue against the accusation. At the end of the round, the class will vote on whether to eliminate the accused student from society.
- Round Two: The second round represents the height of the Red Scare, when investigations were more intense and the government was cracking down on suspected communists. In this round, government officials will have the power to arrest and interrogate suspected communists, and other students will have the opportunity to provide evidence against the accused. The accused student will again have a chance to defend themselves. At the end of the round, the class will vote on whether to eliminate the accused student from society.
- Round Three: The third and final round represents the aftermath of the Red Scare, when many innocent people were harmed by false accusations and hysteria. In this round, the remaining students will have a chance to reflect on the consequences of the Red Scare, and to discuss what lessons can be learned from this era.
After the simulation, lead a class discussion about the experience. Ask students to reflect on their roles and experiences, and to discuss how the simulation helped them understand the historical context and consequences of the Red Scare. Discuss the impact of false accusations and hysteria on society, and how these issues are still relevant today.
Classroom: "A Day in the Life of a 1950s American"
Objective: This in-class activity aims to provide students with a deeper understanding of the daily lives and experiences of Americans during the period of 1950-1956.
Instructions:
- Begin by introducing the topic of daily life in 1950s America. Discuss some of the cultural and societal changes that occurred during this time period that would have influenced daily routines and activities (e.g. suburbanization, the rise of television, the baby boom, etc.).
- Divide the class into small groups of 3-4 students.
- Distribute the handout with a list of typical daily activities for Americans in the 1950s. Instruct each group to choose one of the activities from the list and create a brief skit or scene that depicts how that activity would have looked and felt during the 1950s. Encourage students to think creatively and incorporate details such as clothing, hairstyles, and slang from the time period.
- Allow the groups 10-15 minutes to prepare their skits or scenes.
- Once each group has prepared their skit or scene, have them present it to the class. After each presentation, ask the other students to guess which activity was being depicted.
- As the skits are being presented, use the whiteboard or chalkboard to create a timeline of the day, with each activity represented by a different section of the timeline. This will help students visualize how the activities fit together and how they might have influenced each other.
- After all of the skits have been presented, lead a class discussion about the different activities and how they fit into the larger context of 1950s American life. Ask questions such as:
- How did the activities change over the course of the day?
- How did they vary depending on factors such as age, gender, and socio-economic status?
- What impact did the activities have on family life, social interactions, and cultural norms?
- As a final reflection, have students individually write a paragraph about what they learned from the activity and how it helped them understand 1950s American life.
- Wrap up the activity by discussing how the changes in daily life during the 1950s set the stage for the cultural and social changes that would come in the decades that followed.
SUMMARY
- Years 1950-1956 significant in US history with triumph and tragedy
- US emerged as global power after WWII, but Cold War and Korean War cast shadow
- Civil Rights Movement challenged racial discrimination and inequality
- McCarthyism led to fear and paranoia, chilling free speech and civil liberties
- Post-war economic boom, technological advancements, and G.I. Bill established middle class
- Brown v. Board of Education declared segregation unconstitutional, paving way for civil rights advancements
- Studying vices provides insight into societal beliefs and cultural norms, but must be approached tactfully to avoid perpetuating negative stereotypes and stigmatizing marginalized communities
- Legacy of anti-communism continues to shape American society today
- Nuclear arms race between US and Soviet Union during Cold War, including development of hydrogen bomb and space race
- Arms race had high stakes and brought the world close to total destruction.
ASSIGNMENTS
- Forum Discussion #9
- MIDTERM
Need help? You can find the Midterm Rundown HERE and the Study Guide HERE
Remember all assignments, tests and quizzes must be submitted official via BLACKBOARD
Forum Discussion #9
History 101 is a documentary series on Netflix that aims to provide a crash course on various topics throughout history and how they've shaped the modern world. Each episode explores a different theme, such as fast food, space exploration, or robots, through a mix of archival footage, expert interviews, and animated segments. The show offers a fun and informative overview of these topics, making them accessible to a wide audience. Watch this video and answer the following:
How did the Cold War influence the rise of fast food culture in America, and what impact did this have on American society and global culture?
Your initial post should be no less than two paragraphs with at least two sources. You must have your discussion question posted by Sunday by 11:59 pm. Remember, you will be required to respond to two of your peers with a thoughtful question/rebuttal before 11:59 pm.
Need help? Remember the Discussion Board Rubric.
THE RUNDOWN
In the Netflix series "History 101," the tantalizing topic of fast food is given the royal treatment. From its humble beginnings in the post-war era to the ubiquity of golden arches and flame-grilled patties, the episode provides a deep dive into the origins and expansion of fast food chains like McDonald's and Burger King. But it's not all Big Macs and Whoppers; the episode also delves into the controversies surrounding the industry, including concerns about health and labor practices. And just when you thought it couldn't get any juicier, the episode explores the globalization of fast food and how it has influenced food culture worldwide. Overall, this is a comprehensive overview of how fast food has shaped American society and beyond, leaving viewers with plenty of food for thought.
WORK CITED
Hey, welcome to the work cited section! Here's where you'll find all the heavy hitters that inspired the content you've just consumed. Some might think citations are as dull as unbuttered toast, but nothing gets my intellectual juices flowing like a good reference list. Don't get me wrong, just because we've cited a source; doesn't mean we're always going to see eye-to-eye. But that's the beauty of it - it's up to you to chew on the material and come to conclusions. Listen, we've gone to great lengths to ensure these citations are accurate, but let's face it, we're all human. So, give us a holler if you notice any mistakes or suggest more sources. We're always looking to up our game. Ultimately, it's all about pursuing knowledge and truth, my friends.
LEGAL MUMBO JUMBO
How did the Cold War influence the rise of fast food culture in America, and what impact did this have on American society and global culture?
Your initial post should be no less than two paragraphs with at least two sources. You must have your discussion question posted by Sunday by 11:59 pm. Remember, you will be required to respond to two of your peers with a thoughtful question/rebuttal before 11:59 pm.
Need help? Remember the Discussion Board Rubric.
THE RUNDOWN
In the Netflix series "History 101," the tantalizing topic of fast food is given the royal treatment. From its humble beginnings in the post-war era to the ubiquity of golden arches and flame-grilled patties, the episode provides a deep dive into the origins and expansion of fast food chains like McDonald's and Burger King. But it's not all Big Macs and Whoppers; the episode also delves into the controversies surrounding the industry, including concerns about health and labor practices. And just when you thought it couldn't get any juicier, the episode explores the globalization of fast food and how it has influenced food culture worldwide. Overall, this is a comprehensive overview of how fast food has shaped American society and beyond, leaving viewers with plenty of food for thought.
WORK CITED
Hey, welcome to the work cited section! Here's where you'll find all the heavy hitters that inspired the content you've just consumed. Some might think citations are as dull as unbuttered toast, but nothing gets my intellectual juices flowing like a good reference list. Don't get me wrong, just because we've cited a source; doesn't mean we're always going to see eye-to-eye. But that's the beauty of it - it's up to you to chew on the material and come to conclusions. Listen, we've gone to great lengths to ensure these citations are accurate, but let's face it, we're all human. So, give us a holler if you notice any mistakes or suggest more sources. We're always looking to up our game. Ultimately, it's all about pursuing knowledge and truth, my friends.
- Andrew, Christopher, and Vasili Mitrokhin. The Sword and the Shield: The Mitrokhin Archive and the Secret History of the KGB. Basic Books, 1999.
- Burns, J. M. The American people and foreign policy: The postwar years. University Press of Kentucky, 1986.
- Dudden, F. Cold war civil rights: Race and the image of American democracy. Princeton University Press, 2013.
- Edwards, L. The Korean War: A historical dictionary. Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, 2015.
- Ehrman, John. The Rise of Neo-McCarthyism. Yale University Press, 2019.
- Graebner, William. "The Political Impact of McCarthyism." The Review of Politics 22, no. 1 (1960): 3-30.
- Haynes, John Earl, and Harvey Klehr. Venona: Decoding Soviet Espionage in America. Yale University Press, 1999.
- Herring, G. C. From colony to superpower: US foreign relations since 1776. Oxford University Press, 2011.
- Litwack, Leon F. "McCarthyism and its Aftermath." The Journal of American History 81, no. 3 (1994): 962-984.
- McCarthy, J. "Speech to the Republican National Convention." History Place, accessed February 25, 2023, https://www.historyplace.com/speeches/mccarthy.htm.
- Pells, R. H. The liberal mind in a conservative age: American intellectuals in the 1940s and 1950s. Wesleyan University Press, 2000.
- Radosh, Ronald, and Joyce Milton. The Rosenberg File: A Search for the Truth. Yale University Press, 1997.
- Schlesinger, A. M. The age of Roosevelt: The crisis of the old order, 1919-1933. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt, 2002.
- Schrecker, Ellen. Many Are the Crimes: McCarthyism in America. Princeton University Press, 1999.
- Sklaroff, L. B. The GI Bill: The new deal for veterans. Temple University Press, 2014.
- U.S. National Archives and Records Administration. "The Cold War." Accessed February 25, 2023, https://www.archives.gov/education/lessons/cold-war.
- United States Supreme Court. Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka, 347 U.S. 483 (1954).
LEGAL MUMBO JUMBO
- (Disclaimer: This is not professional or legal advice. If it were, the article would be followed with an invoice. Do not expect to win any social media arguments by hyperlinking my articles. Chances are, we are both wrong).
- (Trigger Warning: This article or section, or pages it links to, contains antiquated language or disturbing images which may be triggering to some.)
- (Permission to reprint this blog post in whole or in part is granted, provided that the author (or authors) and www.ryanglancaster.com are appropriately cited.)
- This site is for educational purposes only.
- Fair Use: Copyright Disclaimer under section 107 of the Copyright Act of 1976, allowance is made for “fair use” for purposes such as criticism, comment, news reporting, teaching, scholarship, education, and research. Fair use is permitted by copyright statute that might otherwise be infringing.
- Fair Use Definition: Fair use is a doctrine in United States copyright law that allows limited use of copyrighted material without requiring permission from the rights holders, such as commentary, criticism, news reporting, research, teaching, or scholarship. It provides for the legal, non-licensed citation or incorporation of copyrighted material in another author’s work under a four-factor balancing test.